Ossification into the ALL in four of the Spitalfields skeletons. (a) Fourth through seventh thoracic vertebrae, Skel. 2829, anterior view, part of a sequence of nine thoracic vertebrae ankylosed by ossification into the ALL. Ossification is largely confined to the right side, and the unossified left side of the ALL (to the right in the photograph) partially survives as dessicated soft tissue. (b) Fifth through twelfth thoracic vertebrae, Skel. 2244, right side. Ossification into the ALL is extensive but nowhere are adjacent vertebrae ankylosed. (c). Seventh through ninth thoracic vertebrae, Skel. 2808, anterior view. Ossification into the ALL has ankylosed T7 and 8; the osteophytes on T8 and nine closely interdigitate. (d) Eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae, Skel. 2643, right antero‐lateral view. Each bone bears a thick, smooth ossification that extends most of the height of the vertebral body. The osteophytes are not ankylosed.