Table 1.

Representative examples of endocrine actions of various environmental contaminants on wildlife and documented health perturbations. American alligators from three sampling sites in Florida, USA: AP: Lake Apopka, MI: Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, and WO: Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge. Endocrine activity associated with specific contaminants are presented. Health effects previously documented (Guillette, 2000; Horai et al., 2014) are listed.

Site	Associated contaminants	Endocrine activity	Health perturbations in alligators
Lake Apopka	p,p′-DDE	Xenoestrogen (Warembourg et al., 2016),	Altered sex steroid hormone concentrations
		Antiandrogen (Wilson et al., 2008)	(Guillette et al., 1994, 1996; Moore et al., 2010)
	p,p′-DDD	Xenoestrogen (Zhuang et al., 2012)	Reduced penis size (Guillette et al., 1996)
	trans-	Xenoestrogen (Rider et al., 2010)	Abated response to gonadotropin stimulation
	nonachlor		(Moore et al., 2010, 2012)
	Dieldrin	Altered hormone metabolism (Fowler et al., 2007),	Increased presence of polyovular follicles
		Xenoestrogen (Soto et al., 1994)	(Guillette et al., 1994)
	Mirex	Xenoestrogen (Freire et al., 2014; Warner, 1987)	Decreased robustness of sexually dimorphic gene expression (Milnes et al., 2008)
	Toxaphene	Xenoestrogen (Hodges et al., 2000; Scippo et al., 2004)	Decreased hatch rate (Milnes et al., 2008; Woodward et al., 1993)
Merritt Island	Elevated Li, Fe, Ni, St, Sb, Pb, Bi,	Thyroid hormone changes (Apostoli and Catalani, 2011; Lazarus, 2009)	Reduced length (Trillanes et al., 2014)
	V, As, S	HPG axis abnormalities (Rossi et al., 2016) Metaloestrogen (Apostoli and Catalani, 2011; Aquino et al., 2012; Darbre, 2006; Farooq, 2015; Gosse et al., 2014; Martin-Diaz et al., 2008) Decreased testosterone (Hutson, 2005; Kariyazono et al., 2015; Rotter et al., 2015)	Decreased hatch rate (Lance et al., 2006)
Lake Woodruff	Reference site	None	None