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Distribution of the same 200 nm fluorescent red mucoadhesive polystyrene nanoparticles (MAP) in the mouse ileum after administration by various routes, (A) low volume (50 μL) oral gavage, (B) high volume (250 μL) oral gavage, and (C) direct infusion into an in intestinal loop. The mode of administration significantly impacted the intestinal distribution. Adapted from reference [36] with permission.
