Table 2.

PPI analyses: Defining GAD-specific interaction effects of the ROI analysis as seed regions (daI/FO, pMCC, dlPFC) revealed significant FC differences between GAD patients and each other group in response to threat vs. neutral pictures.

Seed region	Finding region	x	y	z	F	mm3
Left daI/FO	Right mid-dlPFC	24	49	16	5.58	296
Left pMCC	Right amygdala	22	1	− 19	5.70	152
	Right ventral anterior insula	23	20	− 8	5.98	144
Left posterior dlPFC	Right vlPFC	30	26	− 13	6.30	144

Planned comparisons revealed GAD-specific FC patterns in response to threat vs. neutral pictures (seed– finding region)
	pMCC - amygdala	pMCC - aI	daI/FO - mid-dlPFC	dlPFC - vlPFC
GAD vs. SAD	t[39] = 2.25, p = 0.030	t[39] = 2.64, p = 0.012	t[39] = 3.78, p = 0.001	t[39] = 4.28, p < 0.001
GAD vs. PD	t[39] = 3.82, p < 0.001	t[39] = 3.69, p = 0.001	t[39] = 2.63, p = 0.012	t[39] = 2.40, p = 0.021
GAD vs. HC	t[39] = 4.05, p < 0.001	t[39] = 4.80, p < 0.001	t[39] = 4.41, p < 0.001	t[39] = 4.67, p < 0.001

Note. PPI, psychophysiological interaction analyses; FC, functional connectivity; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder; PD, panic disorder; HC, healthy controls; pMCC, posterior mid cingulate cortex; vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; daI/FO, dorsal anterior insula/frontal operculum; L, left; R, right; x, y, z, Talairach coordinates of maximally activated voxel (activation threshold: p < 0.05 corrected).