. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 14.

Published in final edited form as: J Learn Disabil. 2011 Oct 4;45(2):179–190. doi: 10.1177/0022219411423423

Table 4.

Means and Standard Deviations on Emergent Reading and Writing Measures by Group

Measures	Language Impairment Group								F for Overall Age-Group Contrast, With F(3,289)	Four-Group Contrasts
	NS-LI (n = 92)		LI (n = 28)		TD (n = 89)		LNIQ (n = 84)
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Emergent Writing
Write Letters	5.89	6.12	10.54	6.79	14.27	5.57	12.08	6.14	31.37, p < .001	1 < 2^, 1 < 3,4^, 2 < 3^
Write Name	6.05	2.56	7.54	2.38	8.65	2.03	8.04	2.03	24.54, p < .001	1 < 2^, 1 < 3,4^*, 2 < 3^
Spelling	11.89	1.01	14.50	1.83	21.66	1.02	19.45	9.94	17.73, p < .001	1 < 3,4^, 2 < 3^
Emergent Reading
Print-Related Knowledge	9.59	4.03	12.00	4.09	16.96	3.71	16.02	4.52	60.42, p < .001	1 < 2^, 1 < 3,4^, 2 < 3,4^*
Letter Naming	5.08	3.73	6.79	3.56	8.49	2.34	7.82	2.86	20.74, p < .001	1 < 2^, 1 < 3,4^*
Pre-CTOPPP Blending	12.35	4.62	13.07	4.10	16.67	3.63	16.21	3.64	23.98, p < .001	1 < 3,4^*, 2 < 3,4^
Pre-CTOPPP Elision	7.79	3.83	8.61	4.06	12.92	3.82	11.79	3.62	33.13, p < .001	1 < 3,4^*, 2 < 3,4^

Note: NS-LI = nonspecific LI; LI = language impairment; TD = typically developing controls; LNIQ = low nonverbal IQ; Pre-CTOPPP = Preschool Comprehensive Test of Phonological and Print Processing.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.