Table 1.
Etiology | Uncertain. Possible causes include congenital abnormality, prior tonsillectomy, trauma, or hypercalcemia. |
Incidence | Although an elongated styloid process can be found in approximately 4% of the population, only 4–10% are symptomatic. |
Gender ratio | Symptoms are more commonly seen in women, although there does not appear to be a gender predilection for elongation of the styloid process. |
Age predilection | Can be seen at any age. Symptoms are more common after age 40. |
Risk factors | Prior tonsillectomy, trauma, hypercalcemia. |
Treatment | Nonsurgical: local steroid injection, NSAIDS, observation Surgical: transoral or transcervical styloidectomy |
Prognosis | Overall success rate of treatment is high (80%). |
Imaging findings | Elongation of the styloid process and/or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament. |