Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of MHO and MUO adolescents by sex and metabolic health status
| Male (n = 316)
|
Female (n = 316)
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First definition
|
Second definition
|
First definition
|
Second definition
|
|||||
| MHO (n = 142) | MUO (n = 174) | MHO (n = 21) | MUO (n = 295) | MHO (n = 214) | MUO (n = 102) | MHO (n = 27) | MUO (n = 289) | |
| Age (y) | 14.9 ± 0.2 | 15.5 ± 0.2* | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 15.2 ± 0.1 | 15.0 ± 0.3 | 15.0 ± 0.3 | 14.9 ± 0.4 | 15.0 ± 0.2 |
| PIR | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1* | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.1** | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.1** |
| Obesity | ||||||||
| BMI percentile | 97.6 ± 0.1 | 98.3 ± 0.1** | 97.4 ± 0.2 | 98.1 ± 0.1** | 97.4 ± 0.1 | 97.1 ± 0.2 | 97.1 ± 0.2 | 97.6 ± 0.1 |
| WC (cm) | 100.2 ± 0.9 | 108.1 ± 1.3** | 96.2 ± 1.1 | 105.4 ± 0.7* | 100.7 ± 0.8 | 104.5 ± 1.6 | 95.7 ± 0.6 | 102.5 ± 0.8** |
| Diet | ||||||||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2334 ± 83 | 2138 ± 93 | 2210 ± 105 | 2221 ± 66 | 1674 ± 58 | 1738 ± 78 | 1693 ± 213 | 1690 ± 42 |
| Total fat (g/d) | 87.8 ± 4.1 | 77.4 ± 3.8* | 82.4 ± 4.5 | 81.7 ± 3.1 | 63.2 ± 2.8 | 64.3 ± 3.8 | 65.7 ± 11.4 | 63.2 ± 2.1 |
| Saturated fat (g/d) | 29.9 ± 1.3 | 26.5 ± 1.3* | 29.8 ± 1.4 | 27.8 ± 1.0 | 21.5 ± 1.2 | 23.1 ± 1.4 | 20.8 ± 4.4 | 22.1 ± 0.8 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g/d) | 32.9 ± 1.6 | 28.7 ± 1.4* | 30.0 ± 1.9 | 30.5 ± 1.1 | 23.5 ± 1.1 | 24.2 ± 1.5 | 26.0 ± 4.0 | 23.4 ± 0.8 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 17.4 ± 1.1 | 16.0 ± 1.1 | 15.3 ± 0.9 | 16.7 ± 0.9 | 13.1 ± 0.6 | 11.8 ± 0.9 | 14.1 ± 2.5 | 12.6 ± 0.5 |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 298.7 ± 10.3 | 286.4 ± 13.0 | 285.9 ± 14.8 | 292.0 ± 8.6 | 223.0 ± 6.9 | 232.9 ± 12.6 | 229.8 ± 23.1 | 225.1 ± 5.4 |
| Protein (g/d) | 90.1 ± 3.0 | 79.0 ± 3.6** | 85.6 ± 4.3 | 83.5 ± 2.7 | 57.6 ± 2.3 | 60.4 ± 2.9 | 51.3 ± 7.7 | 59.3 ± 1.6 |
| Fibre (g/d) | 14.1 ± 0.6 | 12.6 ± 0.5* | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 13.3 ± 0.4* | 10.4 ± 0.4 | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 10.2 ± 1.9 | 10.5 ± 0.3 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 299 ± 18 | 258 ± 15* | 283 ± 32 | 275 ± 14 | 188 ± 13 | 204 ± 17 | 157 ± 39 | 197 ± 11 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| MPA (min/week) | 192 ± 20 | 189 ± 41 | 270 ± 86 | 184 ± 27** | 135 ± 16 | 124 ± 29 | 164 ± 73 | 128 ± 14 |
| VPA (min/week) | 314 ± 34 | 244 ± 25 | 324 ± 55 | 269 ± 21* | 171 ± 24 | 140 ± 27 | 55 ± 34 | 177 ± 19** |
| Health measures | ||||||||
| HOMA-IR | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 0.7** | — | — | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.5** | — | — |
| Inflammation (mg/L) | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | — | — | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | — | — |
Data are presented as mean ± standard errors.
MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; PIR, poverty income ratio (socioeconomic status); WC, waist circumference; MPA, moderate physical activity; VPA, vigorous physical activity.
—
Variable not included in MHO definition.
MHO–MUO difference significant at:
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01.