Fig. 5.

Human Y chromosome map depicting the AZF subregions and gene content. The AZFa region maps from approximately 12.9 to 13.7 Mb of the chromosome and contains two single copy genes, USP9Y and DDX3Y. AZFb spans from approximately 18 to 24.7 Mb of the chromosome and AZFc from approximately 23 to 26.7 Mb. Both regions contain multiple genes as depicted in the bottom of the figure. The location of the basic set of sequence-tagged sites primers to be investigated in azoospermic men with spermatogenic failure, according to the European Association of Andrology and the European Molecular Genetics Quality Network 2013 guidelines, is identified by solid vertical lines (adapted with permission from Esteves [14])