Table 3.
Cohort studies and randomized trials of physical activity and impaired or abnormal glucose tolerance
| Author, publication year, country/region | Study period | Study size, gender, age, number of cases | Exposure | Quantity | RR (95 % CI) | Adjustment for confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oken E et al., 2006, USA | 1999–2002 | 1805 women: 312 abnormal glucose tolerance cases | Physical activity before pregnancy | |||
| Walking | ≤1 h/week | 1.00 | Age, race/ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, history of gestational diabetes mellitus in a previous pregnancy, mother’s history of gestational diabetes mellitus | |||
| >1 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) | |||||
| Light moderate activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 1.15 (0.86–1.53) | |||||
| Vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | |||||
| Light/moderate or vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | |||||
| Total leisure-time physical activity | ≤2 h/week | 1.00 | ||||
| 3–6 | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | |||||
| 7–13 | 0.82 (0.53–1.25) | |||||
| ≥14 | 0.79 (0.49–1.26) | |||||
| Physical activity during pregnancy | ||||||
| Walking, during pregnancy | ≤1 h/week | 1.00 | ||||
| >1 | 0.71 (0.49–1.02) | |||||
| Light moderate activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | |||||
| Vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | |||||
| Light/moderate or vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | |||||
| Total leisure-time physical activity | ≤2 h/week | 1.00 | ||||
| 3–6 | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) | |||||
| 7–13 | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | |||||
| ≥14 | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) | |||||
| Physical activity before and during pregnancy | No/no | 1.00 | ||||
| No/yes | 1.19 (0.74–1.91) | |||||
| Yes/no | 1.04 (0.67–1.60) | |||||
| Yes/yes | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | |||||
| Gollenberg AL et al., 2010, USA | 2000–2003 2006–2008 |
1231 Latina women: 104 abnormal glucose tolerance cases | Physical activity before pregnancy | |||
| Sports, exercise | 1 | 1.00 (0.51–1.96) | Maternal age, smoking, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education, parity | |||
| 2 | 1.67 (0.94–2.97) | |||||
| 3 | 1.04 (0.54–2.03) | |||||
| 4 | 1.00 | |||||
| Physical activity during early pregnancy | ||||||
| Sports, exercise | 1 | 1.16 (0.60–2.24) | ||||
| 2 | 1.66 (0.92–2.98) | |||||
| 3 | 1.30 (0.69–2.45) | |||||
| 4 | 1.00 | |||||
| Baptiste-Roberts K et al., 2011, USA | 152 women: not available | Physical activity before pregnancy | ||||
| Leisure-time physical activity | ≥2.75 versus <2.75 score | 0.32 (0.12–0.86) | Age, race, parity, gestational weight gain, pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
| Deierlein AL et al., 2012, USA | 2001–2005 | 1437 women: 269 hyperglycemia cases | Physical activity during early pregnancy | |||
| Total moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | Age at conception, pre-pregnancy BMI, race/ethnicity | |||
| Any | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | |||||
| Recreational moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) | |||||
| Outdoor household moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.90 (0.49–1.66) | |||||
| Indoor household moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | |||||
| Caregiving moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 0.80 (0.43–1.51) | |||||
| Work-related moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
| Any | 1.26 (0.90–1.78) | |||||
| Chasan-Taber L et al., 2014, USA | 2006–2011 | 1241 women: 161 abnormal glucose tolerance cases | Physical activity before pregnancy | |||
| Met exercise guidelines, prepregnancy | No | 1.00 | Age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, generation in the US | |||
| Yes | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | |||||
| Total physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 0.67 (0.40–1.13) | |||||
| 3 | 0.81 (0.49–1.33) | |||||
| 4 | 0.94 (0.57–1.53) | |||||
| Moderate-intensity physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 1.07 (0.67–1.72) | |||||
| 3 | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) | |||||
| 4 | 0.91 (0.56–1.50) | |||||
| Vigorous intensity physical activity | No | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | |||||
| Household/caregiving physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 0.88 (0.54–1.44) | |||||
| 3 | 0.91 (0.56–1.49) | |||||
| 4 | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | |||||
| Occupational physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 1.12 (0.68–1.82) | |||||
| 3 | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | |||||
| 4 | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | |||||
| Sports/exercise | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 1.18 (0.72–1.92) | |||||
| 3 | 0.98 (0.59–1.62) | |||||
| 4 | 1.01 (0.61–1.68) | |||||
| Physical activity in early pregnancy | ||||||
| Met exercise guidelines, early pregnancy | No | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.12 (0.73–1.73) | |||||
| Total physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 0.70 (0.40–1.24) | |||||
| 3 | 0.60 (0.34–1.07) | |||||
| 4 | 0.63 (0.36–1.12) | |||||
| Moderate-intensity physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 0.61 (0.35–1.05) | |||||
| 3 | 0.65 (0.38–1.12) | |||||
| 4 | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) | |||||
| Vigorous intensity physical activity | No | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.70 (0.35–1.39) | |||||
| Household/caregiving physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | |||||
| 3 | 0.58 (0.32–1.03) | |||||
| 4 | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | |||||
| Occupational physical activity | Unemployed | 1.00 | ||||
| Low | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | |||||
| High | 0.47 (0.27–0.82) | |||||
| Sports/exercise | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 1.70 (0.64–4.52) | |||||
| 3 | 1.25 (0.77–2.03) | |||||
| 4 | 1.04 (0.62–1.74) | |||||
| Nobles C et al., 2015, USA | 2007–2012 | 124 women, exercise group: 17 cases of impaired glucose tolerance | Physical activity during pregnancy | |||
| 127 women, control group: 24 cases | Intervention to increase activity level to moderate-intensity physical activity of 30 min on most days of the week | 30 min most days of the week | 0.68 (0.35–1.34) | Education, parity |