Table 2.
Numbers and percentages of participants by study, maternal alcohol consumption in first trimester, and infant cleft status
| Study | Alcohol measure | Controls | Cleft lip only | Cleft lip with cleft palate | Cleft palate only | All clefts | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Average number of drinks per sitting | |||||||||||
| Iowa | None | 189 | 64.3 | 23 | 44.2 | 68 | 64.2 | 83 | 72.2 | 174 | 63.7 |
| 1–4 | 100 | 34.0 | 28 | 53.9 | 34 | 32.1 | 30 | 26.1 | 92 | 33.7 | |
| 5+ | 5 | 1.7 | 1 | 1.9 | 4 | 3.8 | 2 | 1.7 | 7 | 2.6 | |
| MoBa | None | 349 | 68.8 | 17 | 63.0 | 53 | 61.6 | 48 | 84.2 | 118 | 69.4 |
| 1–4 | 146 | 28.8 | 9 | 33.3 | 31 | 36.1 | 8 | 14.0 | 48 | 28.7 | |
| 5+ | 12 | 2.4 | 1 | 3.7 | 2 | 2.3 | 1 | 1.8 | 4 | 2.4 | |
| NBDPS | None | 6356 | 78.4 | 594 | 76.7 | 1139 | 78.7 | 917 | 78.5 | 2650 | 78.2 |
| 1–4 | 1621 | 20.0 | 161 | 20.8 | 282 | 19.5 | 233 | 20.0 | 676 | 20.0 | |
| 5+ | 135 | 1.7 | 19 | 2.5 | 26 | 1.8 | 18 | 1.5 | 63 | 1.9 | |
| NCL | None | 527 | 69.5 | 83 | 60.1 | 147 | 63.1 | 120 | 61.2 | 350 | 61.7 |
| 1–4 | 207 | 27.3 | 42 | 30.4 | 74 | 31.8 | 64 | 32.7 | 180 | 31.8 | |
| 5+ | 24 | 3.2 | 13 | 9.4 | 12 | 5.2 | 12 | 6.1 | 37 | 6.5 | |
| Utah | None | 617 | 93.6 | 130 | 91.6 | 219 | 95.2 | 167 | 89.8 | 516 | 92.5 |
| 1–4 | 36 | 5.5 | 11 | 7.8 | 10 | 4.4 | 14 | 7.5 | 35 | 6.3 | |
| 5+ | 6 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.4 | 5 | 2.7 | 7 | 1.3 | |
| Pooled | None | 8038 | 77.8 | 847 | 74.8 | 1626 | 77.4 | 1335 | 77.5 | 3808 | 76.8 |
| 1–4 | 2110 | 20.4 | 251 | 22.2 | 431 | 20.5 | 349 | 20.3 | 1031 | 20.8 | |
| 5+ | 182 | 1.8 | 35 | 3.1 | 45 | 2.1 | 38 | 2.2 | 118 | 2.4 | |
| Missing | 303 | 28 | 61 | 50 | 139 | ||||||
| Maximum number drinks per sitting | |||||||||||
| DNBC | None | 384 | 46.4 | 27 | 46.6 | 27 | 40.9 | 23 | 42.6 | 77 | 43.3 |
| Never >4 | 249 | 30.1 | 15 | 25.9 | 20 | 30.3 | 12 | 22.2 | 47 | 26.4 | |
| 5+ | 194 | 23.5 | 16 | 27.6 | 19 | 28.8 | 19 | 35.2 | 54 | 30.3 | |
| Iowa | None | 189 | 64.3 | 23 | 44.2 | 68 | 64.2 | 83 | 72.2 | 174 | 63.7 |
| Never >4 | 97 | 33.0 | 27 | 51.9 | 33 | 31.1 | 27 | 23.5 | 87 | 31.8 | |
| 5+ | 8 | 2.7 | 2 | 3.9 | 5 | 4.7 | 5 | 4.4 | 12 | 4.4 | |
| MoBa | None | 349 | 68.2 | 17 | 60.7 | 53 | 60.9 | 48 | 82.8 | 118 | 68.2 |
| Never >4 | 84 | 16.4 | 5 | 17.9 | 23 | 26.4 | 6 | 10.3 | 34 | 19.7 | |
| 5+ | 79 | 15.4 | 6 | 21.4 | 11 | 12.6 | 4 | 6.9 | 21 | 12.1 | |
| NBDPS | None | 6356 | 77.6 | 594 | 75.9 | 1139 | 77.4 | 917 | 77.5 | 2650 | 77.1 |
| Never >4 | 1426 | 17.4 | 147 | 18.8 | 237 | 16.1 | 208 | 17.6 | 592 | 17.2 | |
| 5+ | 407 | 5.0 | 42 | 5.4 | 95 | 6.5 | 58 | 4.9 | 195 | 5.7 | |
| Utah | None | 617 | 93.6 | 130 | 91.6 | 219 | 95.2 | 167 | 89.8 | 516 | 92.5 |
| Never >4 | 33 | 5.0 | 10 | 7.0 | 9 | 3.9 | 13 | 7.0 | 32 | 5.7 | |
| 5+ | 9 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.9 | 6 | 3.2 | 10 | 1.8 | |
| Pooled | None | 7895 | 75.3 | 791 | 74.4 | 1506 | 76.8 | 1238 | 77.6 | 3535 | 76.5 |
| Never >4 | 1889 | 18.0 | 204 | 19.2 | 322 | 16.4 | 266 | 16.7 | 792 | 17.2 | |
| 5+ | 697 | 6.7 | 68 | 6.4 | 132 | 6.7 | 92 | 5.8 | 292 | 6.3 | |
| missing | 217 | 14 | 35 | 34 | 83 | ||||||
MoBa Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, NBDPS National Birth Defects Prevention Study (United States), NCL Norway Facial Clefts Study, DNBC Danish National Birth Cohort