Table 3.

Adjusted study-specific and pooled odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for the association between maternal first trimester alcohol consumption (average drinks/time) and infant clefts

Study	Average number drinks per sitting	Cleft lip only		Cleft lip with cleft palate		Cleft palate only		All clefts
		OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI
Iowa	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	1–4	2.15	1.17, 3.97	0.95	0.59, 1.56	0.66	0.41, 1.08	0.97	0.68, 1.39
	5+	1.29	0.14, 11.94	2.15	0.53, 8.69	0.77	0.14, 4.20	1.32	0.40, 4.35
MoBa	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	1–4	1.11	0.47, 2.65	1.50	0.91, 2.47	0.42	0.19, 0.90	1.00	0.67, 1.48
	5+	1.46	0.18, 12.24	1.01	0.22, 4.73	0.60	0.08, 4.75	0.93	0.29, 2.96
NBDPS	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	1–4	1.00	0.83, 1.20	0.93	0.81, 1.08	0.91	0.78, 1.07	0.94	0.85, 1.04
	5+	1.28	0.78, 2.10	0.87	0.57, 1.34	0.85	0.51, 1.41	0.96	0.70, 1.30
NCL	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	1–4	1.23	0.81, 1.86	1.23	0.88, 1.71	1.37	0.96, 1.95	1.28	1.00, 1.64
	5+	2.68	1.28, 5.65	1.51	0.73, 3.14	2.05	0.98, 4.27	1.99	1.16, 3.43
Utah	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	1–4	1.09	0.51, 2.31	0.57	0.26, 1.23	1.16	0.58, 2.31	0.90	0.54, 1.50
	5+	0.55	0.06, 4.80	0.33	0.04, 2.84	2.33	0.66, 8.20	1.07	0.35, 3.30
Pooled	None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
	1–4	1.08	0.93, 1.26	0.98	0.87, 1.11	0.93	0.81, 1.06	0.98	0.90, 1.07
	5+	1.48	1.01, 2.18	1.00	0.71, 1.39	1.12	0.78, 1.61	1.13	0.89, 1.44

Results were adjusted for maternal age (continuous) and smoking in first trimester (yes/no); pooled results were further adjusted for study site

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MoBa Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, NBDPS National Birth Defects Prevention Study (United States), NCL Norway Facial Clefts Study