Table 6.
Adjusted study-specific and pooled odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for the association between maternal first trimester alcohol consumption (average drinks/time and number of drinking times) and infant clefts
| Study | Average number drinks per sitting and number of drinking times | Cleft lip only | Cleft lip + cleft palate | Cleft palate only | All clefts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||
| Iowa | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Non-binge, 1–2 | 1.83 | 0.94, 3.58 | 0.97 | 0.58, 1.62 | 0.58 | 0.34, 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.61, 1.31 | |
| Non-binge, 3+ | 3.50 | 1.39, 8.78 | 0.90 | 0.34, 2.39 | 1.03 | 0.44, 2.39 | 1.33 | 0.70, 2.52 | |
| Binge, 1–2 | – | – | 0.82 | 0.08, 8.28 | – | – | 0.31 | 0.03, 3.03 | |
| Binge, 3+ | 3.33 | 0.28, 39.28 | 4.34 | 0.68, 27.7 | 1.92 | 0.25, 14.45 | 2.90 | 0.57, 14.79 | |
| MoBa | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Non-binge, 1–2 | 1.80 | 0.75, 4.32 | 1.74 | 1.00, 3.03 | 0.57 | 0.25, 1.30 | 1.26 | 0.81, 1.96 | |
| Non-binge, 3+ | – | – | 1.15 | 0.48, 2.74 | 0.17 | 0.02, 1.28 | 0.56 | 0.25, 1.23 | |
| Binge, 1–2 | – | – | 1.28 | 0.14, 11.27 | 1.44 | 0.16, 12.66 | 1.17 | 0.22, 6.15 | |
| Binge, 3+ | 2.24 | 0.25, 20.16 | 0.80 | 0.09, 6.75 | – | – | 0.74 | 0.15, 3.69 | |
| NBDPS | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Non-binge, 1–2 | 1.14 | 0.89, 1.45 | 1.03 | 0.85, 1.24 | 1.00 | 0.81, 1.24 | 1.04 | 0.91, 1.20 | |
| Non-binge, 3+ | 0.89 | 0.69, 1.14 | 0.84 | 0.69, 1.03 | 0.84 | 0.68, 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.74, 0.98 | |
| Binge, 1–2 | 0.68 | 0.25, 1.89 | 0.68 | 0.32, 1.43 | 0.84 | 0.38, 1.85 | 0.73 | 0.43, 1.23 | |
| Binge, 3+ | 1.69 | 0.95, 2.99 | 0.94 | 0.55, 1.61 | 0.87 | 0.46, 1.65 | 1.09 | 0.75, 1.60 | |
| NCL | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Non-binge, 1–2 | 1.21 | 0.76, 1.95 | 1.32 | 0.92, 1.91 | 1.39 | 0.94, 2.06 | 1.32 | 1.0, 1.75 | |
| Non-binge, 3+ | 1.27 | 0.66, 2.43 | 1.02 | 0.59, 1.77 | 1.33 | 0.76, 2.33 | 1.19 | 0.80, 1.77 | |
| Binge, 1–2 | 1.61 | 0.57, 4.54 | 1.62 | 0.70, 3.75 | 2.16 | 0.93, 5.03 | 1.82 | 0.95, 3.48 | |
| Binge, 3+ | 5.21 | 1.76, 15.45 | 1.25 | 0.32, 4.96 | 1.76 | 0.44, 6.97 | 2.41 | 0.94, 6.13 | |
| Utah | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Non-binge, 1–2 | 0.84 | 0.23, 3.10 | 0.61 | 0.19, 1.96 | 0.90 | 0.28, 2.85 | 0.76 | 0.33, 1.73 | |
| Non-binge, 3+ | 1.21 | 0.50, 2.93 | 0.54 | 0.20, 1.42 | 1.31 | 0.58, 2.97 | 0.98 | 0.52, 1.82 | |
| Binge, 1–2 | 2.01 | 0.18, 23.09 | – | – | 3.32 | 0.44, 24.80 | 1.56 | 0.25, 9.60 | |
| Binge, 3+ | – | – | 0.48 | 0.05, 4.54 | 1.90 | 0.39, 9.15 | 0.84 | 0.20, 3.52 | |
| Pooled | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Non-binge, 1–2 | 1.19 | 0.98, 1.45 | 1.09 | 0.93, 1.27 | 0.97 | 0.82, 1.15 | 1.07 | 0.96, 1.20 | |
| Non-binge, 3+ | 0.98 | 0.79, 1.21 | 0.86 | 0.72, 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.74, 1.06 | 0.89 | 0.79, 1.01 | |
| Binge, 1–2 | 0.94 | 0.49, 1.85 | 0.91 | 0.55, 1.51 | 1.22 | 0.73, 2.04 | 1.00 | 0.70, 1.45 | |
| Binge, 3+ | 1.95 | 1.23, 3.11 | 1.02 | 0.65, 1.60 | 1.04 | 0.63, 1.73 | 1.23 | 0.89, 1.69 | |
Results were adjusted for maternal age (continuous) and smoking in first trimester (yes/no); pooled results were further adjusted for study site
“–“indicates estimates could not be calculated because there were no exposed case mothers
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MoBa Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, NBDPS National Birth Defects Prevention Study (United States), NCL Norway Facial Clefts Study
Non-binge = average of 1–4 drinks per time; Binge = average of 5 or more drinks per time