Table 2.

Study Characteristics

Author, Year	Participant Details				Training Details				Protein/EAA and Placebo Supplement Details
	Number of Participants	Mean Age, Years	Frail/Mobility Limited/Sarcopenic	Baseline Protein Intake (g·kg−1·day−1)∗	Study Length and RT Frequency	Type of RT	RT Intensity	Functional/Balance Training	Type of Protein	Frequency (Daily/With Training)	Timing of Ingestion	Amount	Control Treatment
Fiatarone et al, 199421	50	86.7	Y	NA	3 d/wk × 10 wk	LL	80% 1-RM	N	Soy-based	Daily	Evening	15 g approx.	Water
Godard et al, 200222	17	71.5	N	1.14	3 d/wk × 12 wk	LL	80% 1-RM	N	EAA (1.86 g L-lysine, 2.24 g L-leucine, 1.40 g L-valine, 1.86 g L-phenylalanine, 1.76 g L-threonine, 1.30 g L-histidine, 1.2 g L-isoleucine, 0.38 g L-methionine)	Daily	After training	12 g	Exercise only
Bunout et al, 200423	47	74.1	N	NA	2 d/wk × 1 year	LL + UL	Light	N	Undisclosed protein	Daily	Between meals	15 g	Exercise only
Rosendahl et al, 200624†	91	85.2	Y	NA	5 d/2 wk × 13 wk	LL	8–12 RM	Y	Milk-based	With training	After training	7.4 g	CHO
Verdijk et al, 200925	28	72.0	N	1.10	3 d/wk × 12 wk	LL	60%–80% 1-RM	N	Casein	With training	10 g before, 10 g after training	20 g	Water
Zak et al, 200926	40	78.7	Y	NA	5 d/wk × 7 wk	LL	80% 1-RM	Y	Undisclosed protein	With training	Before training	12 g approx.	Water
Kim et al, 201228	77	79.2	Y	NA	2 d/wk × 3 months	LL + UL	Moderate	Y	EAA (42.0% leucine, 14.0% lysine, 10.5% valine, 10.5% isoleucine, 10.5% threonine, 7.0% phenylalanine, 5.5% other)	Daily	Twice daily	6 g	Exercise only
Tieland et al, 201229	62	78.5	Y	1.00	2 d/wk × 24 wk	LL + UL	50%–75% 1-RM	N	Milk-based	Daily	15 g after breakfast, 15 g after lunch	30 g	CHO
Arnarson et al, 201330	161	73.9	N	1.00	3 d/wk × 12 wk	LL + UL	75%–80% 1-RM	N	Whey	With training	After training	20 g	CHO
Chalé et al, 201331	80	77.7	Y	0.97	3 d/wk × 6 months	LL + UL	80% 1-RM	N	Whey	Daily	20 g after breakfast, 20 g after dinner	40 g	CHO
Leenders et al, 201332	60	70.0	N	1.15	3 d/wk × 24 wk	LL + UL	60%–80% 1-RM	N	Milk-based (80% Casein, 20% Whey)	Daily	After breakfast	15 g	CHO
Daly et al, 201433	100	72.8	N	1.08	2 d/wk × 4 months	LL + UL	Moderate	Y	Red meat	6 d/wk	Meals, after training	45 g‡	CHO
Franzke et al, 201534	64	82.7	N	NA	2 d/wk × 6 months	LL + UL	Light to heavy	N	Whey	Daily	Morning and after training	20.7 g	Exercise only
Mitchell et al, 201535	16	74.4	N	NA	3 d/wk × 12 wk	LL + UL	75%–85% 1-RM	N	Chocolate milk	Daily	After breakfast or after training	14 g	Placebo drink
Trabal et al, 201536	24	84.5	N	1.20	3 d/wk × 12 wk	LL	65% 1-RM	Y	Leucine	Daily	5 g after lunch, 5 g after dinner	10 g	CHO

1-RM, 1-repetition maximum; CHO, carbohydrate; d, days; LL, lower limb; N, no; RT, resistance training; UL, upper limb; wk, weeks; Y, yes.

^∗NA indicates studies did not report baseline protein intake.

^†Rosendahl et al 2006²⁴ includes Carlsson et al, 2011.²⁷

^‡Approximately 220 g (raw weight) or 160 g (cooked weight) lean red meat equated to 45 g protein.