Table 3. The Effects of Cumin Plus Lime Intake on Markers of Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profiles and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress (n = 24)a.
| Value | Placebo Group | Low-Dose C. cyminum L. Plus Lime Group | High-Dose C. cyminum L. Plus Lime Group | P Valueb | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wk 0 | Wk 8 | Change | Wk 0 | Wk 8 | Change | Wk 0 | Wk 8 | Change | Time | Group | Time x Group | |
| FPG, mg/dL | 87.0 (22.2) | 90.0 (25.2) | 0 (12.3) | 97.5 (12.2) | 87.0 (17.5) | -9.0 (16.0) | 101.5 (12.0) | 82.5 (20.2) | -22.0 (9.0) | - | - | < 0.001c |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 8.0 ± 3.2 | 7.6 ± 3.0 | -0.4 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 2.7 | 7.8 ± 3.1 | -0.6 ± 3.2 | 8.7 ± 4.2 | 7.4 ± 3.3 | -1.3 ± 3.5 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.57 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | -0.04 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | -0.2 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | -0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.004 | 0.57 | 0.06 |
| HOMA-B | 29.0 ± 15.1 | 26.6 ± 15.5 | -2.4 ± 9.5 | 27.1 ± 12.1 | 27.7 ± 15.9 | 0.6 ± 13.8 | 25.9 ± 17.9 | 27.1 ± 15.6 | 1.2 ± 12.9 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.53 |
| QUICKI | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | -0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02d | < 0.001 | 0.70 | 0.01 |
| TG, mg/dL | 124.5 ± 51.4 | 135.1 ± 56.2 | 10.6 ± 25.1 | 116.7 ± 57.1 | 130.5 ± 54.9 | 13.9 ± 36.8 | 138.7 ± 81.3 | 123.6 ± 52.8 | -14.1 ± 56.2e | 0.52 | 0.88 | 0.03 |
| TC, mg/dL | 187.3 ± 30.1 | 186.3 ± 37.4 | -1.0 ± 24.8 | 174.8 ± 37.0 | 183.4 ± 43.2 | 8.6 ± 28.5 | 176.2 ± 34.7 | 157.8 ± 34.0 | -18.4 ± 28.6e | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.004 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 108.0 ± 23.3 | 105.1 ± 32.3 | -2.9 ± 20.4 | 96.5 ± 30.1 | 103.0 ± 35.5 | 6.5 ± 23.2 | 93.7 ± 25.4 | 81.9 ± 27.6 | -11.8 ± 20.7e | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.4 ± 14.2 | 54.1 ± 15.2 | -0.3 ± 7.7 | 55.0 ± 9.5 | 54.3 ± 10.8 | -0.7 ± 5.4 | 54.8 ± 5.6 | 51.2 ± 6.4 | -3.6 ± 6.3 | 0.05 | 0.84 | 0.16 |
| TAC, mM/ | 748.6 ± 155.4 | 777.6 ± 156.5 | 29.0 ± 107.0 | 789.9 ± 186.3 | 844.9 ± 118.1 | 54.9 ± 162.0 | 741.3 ± 89.4 | 783.1 ± 74.3 | 41.7 ± 53.3 | 0.003 | 0.21 | 0.74 |
| GSH, (µM/L) | 593.9 ± 229.0 | 570.1 ± 194.8 | -23.8 ± 204.7 | 579.6 ± 112.2 | 555.9 ± 90.1 | -23.8 ± 98.0 | 501.6 ± 113.5 | 489.0 ± 132.9 | -12.6 ± 148.1 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.96 |
aValues are expressed as means ± SD or No. (%) for normally distributed variables and median (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables.
bObtained from repeated measures ANOVA test.
cObtained from Kruskal-Wallis test.
dSignificant difference with the placebo group.
eSignificant difference with low-dose Cuminum cyminum L. plus lime group.
Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment-Beta cell function; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH, total glutathione.