Table 6.
Detailed information on Nobel laureates in physiology/medicine
| Year of award | Name | Justification | Ph.D. M.D. obtained | Did the prize-winning work(s) | Nobel Prize awarded |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Gilman, Alfred G. | Gilman, Rodbell: “for their discovery of G-proteins; and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells” | Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA M.D and Ph.D. | University of Virginia/University Texas, USA | University of Texas, Dallas, USA |
| Rodbell, Martin | Rodbell, Gilman: “for their discovery of G-proteins; and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells” | University of Washington, Seattle, USA | National Institute of of Athritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases (NIAMD), Bethesta, USA | National Research Triangle Park (RTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), near Durham, NC, USA | |
| 1995 | Lewis, Edward B. | Lewis, Nüsslein-Volhard, Wieschaus: “for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development” | California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, USA | California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, USA | California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, USA |
| Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane | Nüsslein-Volhard, Lewis, Wieschaus: “for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development” | Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany | European Molecular Biology Lab. (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany | Max-Planck-Institute f. develomental biology (f. Entwicklungsbiologie), Tübingen, Germany | |
| Wieschaus, Eric F. | Wieschaus, Nüsslein-Volhard, Lewis: “for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development” | Yale University, CT, USA | European Molecular Biology Lab. (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany | Princeton University, NJ, USA | |
| 1996 | Doherty, Peter C. | Doherty, Zinkernagel: “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence” | University Edinburgh, U.K | Australian National University, Canberra, Australia | St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA |
| Zinkernagel, Rolf M. | Zinkernagel, Doherty: “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence” | Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Ph.D., and M.D. University of Basel (Swiss) | Australian National University, Canberra, Australia | Institute of Exper. Immunology, Zürich, Swiss | |
| 1997 | Prusiner Stanley B. | Prusiner “for his discovery of Prions—a new biological principle of infection” | University of California, San Francisco, USA | University of California, San Francisco, USA | University of California, San Francisco, USA |
| 1998 | Furchgott, Robert F. | Furchgott, Ignarro, Murad: “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardio-vascular system” | Northwestern University Chicago, USA | State University of New York (SUNY) Brooklyn, New York, USA | State University of New York (SUNY) Brooklyn, New York, USA (retired) and University of Miami, FL, USA |
| Ignarro, Louis J. | Ignarro, Furchgott, Murad: “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardio-vascular system” | University Minnesota, Minneapolis-St. Paul, USA | University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA | University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA | |
| Murad, Ferid | Murad, Ignarro, Furchgott: “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardio-vascular system” | Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA | University of Texas, Houston, USA | |
| 1999 | Blobel, Günter | Blobel: “for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell” | Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany (M.D.); University of Wisconsin, USA (Ph.D.) | Rockefeller University, Cell Biology Lab., New York, USA | Rockefeller University, New York, USA |
| 2000 | Carlsson, Arvid | Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel: “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system” | University of Lund, Sweden | University of Lund, Sweden | University of Göteborg, Sweden |
| Greengard, Paul | Greengard, Carlsson, Kandel: “for their discoveries concerning signal trans-duction in the nervous system” | John Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA | Yale University, School of Medicine, USA | Rockefeller University, New York, USA | |
| Kandel, Eric R. | Kandel, Greengard, Carlsson: “for their discoveries concerning signal trans-duction in the nervous system” | New York University, School of Medicine, USA | New York University, School of Medicine, USA | Columbia University, New York, USA | |
| 2001 | Hartwell, Leland H. | Hartwell, Hunt, Nurse: “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle” | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA | University of Washington, Seattle, USA | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Ctr. Seattle, USA |
| Hunt, Timothy R. | Hunt, Hartwell, Nurse: “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle” | University of Cambridge, U.K | Marine Biology Lab, Woodshole, MA, USA | Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, U.K | |
| Nurse, Paul M. | Nurse, Hunt, Hartwell: “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle” | University East Anglia (UEA), Norfolk, U.K | University of Edinburgh, U.K | Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, U.K | |
| 2002 | Brenner, Sydney | Brenner, Horvitz, Sulston: “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and ‘programmed cell ‘death’” | Oxford University, U.K | Medical Research Council (MRC), Cambridge, U.K | Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley, USA |
| Horvitz, H. Robert | Horvitz, Brenner, Sulston: “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and ‘programmed cell ‘death’” | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | Medical Research Council (MRC) Cambridge, U.K | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA | |
| Sulston, John E. | Sulston, Horvitz, Brenner: “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and ‘programmed cell ‘death’” | University of Cambridge, U.K | Medical Research Council (MRC) Cambridge, U.K | Sanger Institute, Cambridge, U.K | |
| 2003 | Lauterbur, Paul C. | Lauterbur, Mansfield: “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging” | University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA | State University of New York (SUNY), USA | University of Illinois, Urbana, USA |
| Mansfield, Peter | Mansfield, Lauterbur: “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging” | Queen Mary College, London, U.K | University of Nottingham, U.K | University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, U.K | |
| 2004 | Axel, Richard | Axel, Buck: “for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system” | John Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA | Columbia University, New York, USA | Columbia University, New York, USA |
| Buck, Linda B. | Buck, Axel: “for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system” | University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA | Columbia University, New York, USA | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research, Seattle, USA | |
| 2005 | Marshall, Barry J. | Marshall, Warren: “for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease” | University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia | Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia | NHMRC Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia and University of Western Australia, Australia |
| Warren, J. Robin | Warren, Marshall: “for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease” | University of Adelaide, Australia | Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia | Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia | |
| 2006 | Fire, Andrew Z. | Fire, Mello: “for their discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA” | Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA | Carnegie Institution f. Science, Baltimore, M.D., USA | Stanford University, CA, USA |
| Mello, Craig C. | Mello, Fire: “for their discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA” | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | University of Massachusetts, Worchester, USA | University of Massachusetts, Worchester, USA | |
| 2007 | Capecchi, Mario R. | Capecchi, Evans, Smithies: “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells” | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA | University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA |
| Evans, Martin J. | Evans, Capecchi, Smithies: “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells” | University College London, U.K | University of Cambridge, U.K | Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, U.K | |
| Smithies, Oliver | Smithies, Evans, Capecchi: “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells” | Oxford University, Balliol College, U.K | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA | |
| 2008 | Zur Hausen, H. | Zur Hausen: “for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer” | Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf (former Medical Academy), Germany | Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany | German cancer research center (DKFZ—Deutsches Krebsforschung Zentrum) Heidelberg, Germany |
| Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise | Barré-Sinoussi, Montagnier: “for their discovery of human immuno-deficiency virus” | Institute Pasteur, Paris, France and University of Sciences, Paris, France | Institute Pasteur, Paris, France | Institute Pasteur, Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology depart., Paris, France | |
| Montagnier, Luc | Montagnier, Barré-Sinoussi: “for their discovery of human immuno-deficiency virus” | University Sorbonne, Paris, France | Institute Pasteur, Paris, France | World Foundation AIDS Research and Prevention Paris, France | |
| 2009 | Blackburn, Elisabeth H. | Blackburn, Greider, Szostak: “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase” | University of Cambridge, U.K | University of California, Berkeley, USA | University of California, Berkeley, USA |
| Greider, Carol W. | Greider, Blackburn, Szostak: “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase” | University of California, Berkeley, USA | University of California, Berkeley, USA | John Hopkins, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA | |
| Szostak, Jack W. | Szostak, Greider, Blackburn: “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase” | Cornell University, New York, USA | Harvard University, School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | |
| 2010 | Edwards, Robert G. | Edwards: “for the development of in vitro fertilization” | University of Edinburgh, U.K | University of Cambridge, U.K | University of Cambridge, U.K |
| 2011 | Beutler, Bruce A. | Beutler, Hoffmann: “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity” | University Chicago, IL, USA | Rockefeller University, New York, USA | University of Texas, Dallas, USA and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA |
| Hoffmann, Jules A. | Hoffmann, Beutler: “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity” | University Strasbourg, France | French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) Strasbourg, France | French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) Strasbourg, France | |
| Steinman, Ralph M. | Steinman: “for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” | Harvard University, Cambridge, USA | Rockefeller University, New York, USA | Rockefeller University, New York, USA | |
| 2012 | Gurdon, John B. | Gurdon, Yamanaka: “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent” | Oxford University, U.K | Oxford University, U.K | Cambridge University, U.K |
| Yamanaka, Shinya | Yamanaka, Gurdon: “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent” | Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan Ph.D. and Kobe University, Japan M.D. | Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan and CREST, Japan and Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan | Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan | |
| 2013 | Rothman, James E. | Rothman, Schekman, Südhof: “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells” | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA | Yale University, New Haven, USA |
| Schekman, Randy W. | Schekman, Rothman, Südhof: “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells” | Stanford University, CA, USA | University of California, Berkeley, USA | University of California, Berkeley, USA | |
| Südhof, Thomas C. | Südhof, Schekman, Rothman: “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells” | Max-Planck-Institute f. biophysical chemistry (f. biophysikalische Chemie), Göttingen, Germany and Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany | University of Texas, Dallas, USA | Stanford University, CA, USA | |
| 2014 | O’Kneefe, John M. | O’Kneefe: “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain” | McGill University, Montreal, Canada | University College London (UCL), London, U.K | University College London (UCL), U.K |
| Moser, May-Britt | Moser M, Moser E: “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain” | University of Oslo, Norway | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway | |
| Moser, Edvard I. | Moser E, Moser M: “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain” | University of Oslo, Norway | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway |