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. 2016 Jul 25;109(2):723–767. doi: 10.1007/s11192-016-2059-2

Table 7.

Detailed information on Nobel laureates in physics

Year of award Name Justification Ph.D./M.D. obtained Did the prize-winning work(s) Nobel Prize awarded
1994 Brockhouse, Bertram N. Brockhouse, Shull: “for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter”. Brockhouse “for the development of neutron spectroscopy” University of Toronto, Canada National Reactor Universal (NRU), Chalk River Laboratories (CRL), facility from Atomic Energy of Canada Limeted (AECL), Chalk River, Canada McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Shull, Clifford G. Brockhouse, Shull: “for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter”. Shull: “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique” New York University, USA Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, near Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
1995 Perl, Martin L. Perl, Reines: “for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics”. Perl “for the discovery of the tau lepton” Columbia University, New York, USA Stanford University, CA, USA Stanford University, CA, USA
Reines, Frederick Perl, Reines: “for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics”. Reines “for the detection of the neutrino” New York University, USA University of California, Los Alamos, Scientific Laboratory, USA University of California, Irvine (UCI), USA
1996 Lee, David M. Lee, Osheroff, Richardson: “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3” Yale University, New Haven, USA Cornell University, Ithaca, USA Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Osheroff, Douglas D. Osheroff, Lee, Richardson: “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3” Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Stanford University, CA, USA
Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Lee, Osheroff: “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3” Duke University, Durham, USA Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
1997 Chu, Steven Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji, Phillips: “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light” University of California, Berkeley, USA Bell Laboratories (AT&T), room Alcatel -Lucent, Head office Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA Stanford University, CA, USA
Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Chu, Phillips: “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light” École Normale Superiéure (ENS), Paris, France Université de Paris 07, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France. Collège de France, Paris, France and École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
Phillips, William D. Phillips, Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji: “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (MIT), Cambridge, USA National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
1998 Laughlin, Robert B. Laughlin, Störmer, Tsui: “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (MIT), Cambridge, USA University of California, The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Störmer, Horst L. Störmer, Laughlin, Tsui: “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations” Universität Stuttgart, Federal Republique of Germany, BRD Bell Laboratories (now: AT&T), Murray Hill, NJ, USA Columbia University, New York, USA
Tsui, Daniel C. Tsui, Störmer, Laughlin: “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations” University of Chicago, IL, USA Bell Laboratories (now: AT&T), Murray Hill, NJ, USA Princeton University, NJ, USA
1999 _’T Hooft, Gerardus _T’Hooft, Veltman: “for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics” Utrecht University, The Netherlands Utrecht University, The Netherlands Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Veltman, Martinus J. G. Veltman, Hooft: “for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics” Utrecht University, The Netherlands Utrecht University, The Netherlands University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA (retired)
2000 Alferov, Zhores (Schores) Ivanovich Zhores, Kroemer, Kilby: “for basic work on information and communication technology”. Zhores, Kroemer: “for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics” Electrotechnical Institute, (former depart. of Electronics of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), St. Petersburg, Russia A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
Kroemer, Herbert Kroemer, Zhores, Kilby: “for basic work on information and communication technology”. Kroemer, Zhores: “for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics” Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany Varian Associates, Paolo Alto, CA, USA University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Kilby, Jack S. Kilby, Kroemer, Zhores: “for basic work on information and communication technology”. Kilby: “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit” No Ph.D. (Master`s degree University of Illinois, Illinois, USA) Texas Instruments Incooperated (Bell liscensee), Dallas, USA Texas Instruments Incooperated, Dallas, USA
2001 Cornell, Eric A. Cornell, Ketterle, Wieman: “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates” Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA University of Colorado, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), Boulder, CO, USA University of Colorado, Joint Institute of Laboratory of Astrophysics (JILA), Boulder, CO, USA
Ketterle, Wolfgang Ketterle, Cornell, Wieman: “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates” Technische Universität (TU) Munich, Germany and Max-Planck-Institute of quantumoptics (f. Quantenoptik), Garching, Germany Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
Wieman, Carl E. Wieman, Ketterle, Cornell: “for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates” Stanford University, CA, USA University of Colorado, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), Boulder, CO, USA University of Colorado, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), Boulder, CO, USA
2002 Davis, Raymond Jr. Koshiba, Davis: “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos” Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Koshiba, Masatoshi Koshiba, Davis: “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos” University of Rochester, New York, USA University of Tokyo, Japan University of Tokyo, Japan
Giacconi, Riccardo Giacconi: “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources” Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy American Science and Enginerring, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA Assoc. Universities Inc., Washington DC., USA
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A. Abrikosov, Ginzburg, Leggett: “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids” Institute for Physical Problems (now the P.L. Kapitsa Institute), Moscow, Russia P.L. Kapitsa Institute, Moscow, Russia Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA
Ginzburg, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Abrikosov, Leggett: “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids” Moscow State University, Russia P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the U.S.S.R. (now Russian) Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Leggett, Anthony J. Leggett, Ginzburg, Abrikosov: “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids” University of Oxford, U.K University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
2004 Gross, David J. Gross, Politzer, Wilczek: “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction” University of California, Berkeley, USA Fermi National Accelarator Laboratory (Fermilab), Batavia, IL, USA and Princeton University, Joseph Henry Laboratory, NC, USA University of California, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, USA
Politzer, Hugh D. Politzer, Gross, Wilczek: “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction” Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, USA
Wilczek, Frank Wilczek, Gross, Politzer: “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction” Princeton University, NC, USA Princeton University, NC, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
2005 Glauber, Roy J. Glauber: “for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence” Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Hall, John L. Hall, Hänsch: “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique” Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, USA University of Colorado, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), Boulder, CO, USA University of Colorado, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), Boulder, CO, USA and The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
Hänsch, Theodor W. Hänsch, Hall: “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique” Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany Max-Planck-Institute of quantum optics (f. Quantumoptik), Garching, Germany Max-Planck-Institute of quantum optics (f. Quantenoptik), Garching, Germany and Ludwig-Maximlians-University, Munich, Germany
2006 Mather, John C. Mather, Smoot: “for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation” University of California, Berkeley, USA NASA Goddard Institute for Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
Smoot, George F. Smoot, Mather: “for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation” Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA University of California, Berkeley, USA University of California, Berkeley, USA
2007 Fert, Albert Fert, Grünberg: “for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance” Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/THALES, Orsay, France
Grünberg, Peter A. Grünberg, Fert: “for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance” Technische Universität (TU), Darmstadt, Germany Helmholtz IFF-Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut f. Festkörperforschung (now: Peter Grünberg Institute), Germany Helmholtz IFF-Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
2008 Nambu, Yoichiro Nambu: “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics” University of Tokyo, Japan University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, IL, USA University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, IL, USA
Kobayashi, Makoto Kobayashi, Maskawa: “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature” Nagoya University, Japan Kyoto University, Japan High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
Maskawa, Toshihide Maskawa, Kobayashi: “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature” Nagoya University, Japan Kyoto University, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University, Japan and Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Japan
2009 Kao, Charles Kuen Koa: “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication” University of London, College of London, U.K Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL), Harlow, Essex, U.K Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL), Harlow, Essex, U.K. and Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Boyle, Willard S. Boyle, Smith: “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit-the CCD sensor” McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Bell Laboratories (now: AT&T), Murray Hill, NJ, USA Bell Laboratories (now: AT&T), Murray Hill, NJ, USA
Smith, George E. Smith, Boyle: “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit-the CCD sensor” University of Chicago, USA Bell Laboratories (now: AT&T), Murray Hill, NJ, USA Bell Laboratories (now: AT&T), Murray Hill, NJ, USA
2010 Geim, Andre K Geim, Novoselov: “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene” Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, near Moscow, Russia University of Manchester, U.K University of Manchester, U.K
Novoselov, Konstantin S. Novoselov, Geim: “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene” Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands University of Manchester, U.K University of Manchester, U.K
2011 Perlmutter, Saul Perlmutter: “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae” University of California, Berkley, USA University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
Schmidt, Brian P. Schmidt, Riess: “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae” Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Australian National University (MSSSO Moint Strongly and Siding Spring Observations), Weston Creek, Australia Australian National University (MSSSO Moint Strongly and Siding Spring Observations), Weston Creek, Australia
Riess, Adam Guy Riess, Schmidt: “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae” Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA University of California, Berkeley, USA John Hopkins University, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
2012 Haroche, Serge Haroche, Wineland: “for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems” Université Paris VI (now Université Pierre et Marie Curie), Paris, France École Normale Supérieure, Lab. Kastler Brossel, Paris, France Collège de France, Paris, France and École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
Wineland, David J. Wineland, Haroche: “for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems” Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA University of Colorado, Boulder, CO and NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA and NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
2013 Englert, François Englert, Higgs: “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider” Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
Higgs, Peter W. Higgs, Englert: “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider” University of London, King’s College London, London, U.K University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K
2014 Akasaki, Isamu Akasaki, Amano, Nakamura: “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources” Nagoya University, Japan Nagoya University, School of Engineering, Japan Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan and University Nagoya, Japan
Amano, Hiroshi Amano, Akasaki, Nakamura: “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources” Nagoya University, Japan Nagoya University, School of Engineering, Japan Nagoya University, Japan
Nakamura, Shuji Nakamura, Amano, Akasaki: “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources” University of Tokushima, Japan University of Tokushima, Japan University of California, Santa Barbara, USA