Table 2.

Surgical and intervention details of the included studies.

Study	Country, year	Intervention		Technique used		Transfusion criteria	Thromboprophylaxis
		Topical TA	IV TA	Topical	IV
Wei et al.21	China, 2014	3 g TA in 100 mL NS	3 g TA in 100 mL NS	20 mL in acetabulum after preparation; 20 mL in femoral canal after preparation; 60 mL infiltrated into joint after closure of fascia	100 mL given as IV infusion 10 minutes before incision	Hb<9 g/dL at 24 hours post-operatively	Low molecular weight heparini
Xie et al.22	China, 2015	3g TA in 150 mL NS	1.5 g TA	50 mL TA solution in gauze used to soak the acetabulum and femoral canal for 3 minutes after preparation; 50 mL injected into the hip joint through drain tube after closure of fascia	1.5 g TA single IV injection 15 minutes before skin incision	All patients with Hb<7 g/dL; all symptomatic patients with Hb between 7 and 10 g/dL	Mechanical prophylaxis, LMWH (Enoxaparin) (4000IU) until discharge then Rivaroxaban 10 mg (OD) for 30 days
North et al.23	USA, 2015	2 g TA in 100 mL NS	2 g TA in 100 mL NS	Placed in hip after component placement and allowed to sit undisturbed for 5 minutes	Two 50 mL doses each over 20 minutes using a pump; one started 10 minutes before incision and the second during closure of fascia	All patients with Hb<7 g/dL; all symptomatic patients with Hb<8 g/dL (no drains used in study)	According to AAOS guidelines: mechanical prophylaxis plus Enoxaparin 40 mg (OD) for 21 days or Rivaroxaban 10 mg (OD) for 35 days or Aspirin 325 mg (BD) for 21 days

TA, tranexamic acid; NS, normal saline; Hb, haemoglobin; AAOS, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.