Table 1. . CRISPR-based tools in this article.

Study (year)	CRISPR-based tool	Description	Ref.
Perez-Pinera et al. (2013)	dCas9-VP64	Activates transcription by recruiting a transcription complex to the target	[33]
Hilton et al. (2015)	dCas9-p300(core)	Acetylates H3K27 and activates transcription by targeting human E1A-associated protein p300 acetytransferase activity	[34]
Vojta et al. (2016)	dCas9-DNMT3A	Adds DNA methylation to CpG sites at the target by directing DNMT3A activity	[32]
Polstein et al. (2015)	CIBN-dCas9-CIBN	Heterodimerizes with CRY2-effector fusions (e.g., CRY2FL–VP64) to enable optogenetic control of targeted effector action	[35]