Figure 4. Micrographs of negatively stained his₆-T7 bacteriophage using various TEM grid coatings:

(A,B) GO-NTA; (C,D) PABA-GO-NTA; and (E–H) BSA-PABA-GO-NTA. Negative controls (A,C,E) demonstrate no capture of purified phage when Ni²⁺ is absent, whereas coatings treated with Ni²⁺ (B,D,F) show capture of purified phage. Affinity capture of phage from lysate (G) can be reversed by incubation of (G) with 500 mM imidazole (H) that removes the Ni²⁺ from the coating and abrogates the affinity interaction between the phage and the grid surface.