Table 5.

Summary of randomized controlled crossover studies.

Reference	Total na	Treatment	Exercise-induced BM loss (%)b	Fluid volume intake for rehydration (%)	Fluid intake (L)b	Alcohol intake (g)	Monitoring time (h)	Effect on cumulative urine output (p)	Euhydration after treatment?
Shirreffs and Maughan (11)	6	0% beer	2.0	150	2.2	0.0	6	0.307	Only <1 h after treatment
		1% beerc				17.7
		2% beerc				35.9
		4% beerc				68.0
Hobson and Maughan (10)	12	Euhydrated + 0% beer	Euhydrated: ~0.6	-	1.0	0.0	4	0.057	-
		Euhydrated + 4% beerc				31.6		<0.001
		Dehydrated + 0% beer	Dehydrated: ~2.5		Equal amount for all treatments	0.0		Higher urine output with euhydrated treatments vs. dehydrated.
		Dehydrated + 4% beerc				31.6
Desbrow et al. (15)	7	2.3% beer	2.0	150	2.5	57d	4	<0.05e	Only <1 h after treatment
		2.3% beer + 25 mmol L−1 Na				59d
		4.8% beer				120d		Lower urine output for 2.3% + 25 vs. 4.8 and 4.8% + 25
		4.8% beer + 25 mmol L−1 Na				122d
Flores-Salamanca and Aragón-Vargas (12)	11	0.5% beer	2.1	100	1.6	0.0	3	0.001	No
		4.5% beer				6.4		Higher urine output for 4.5 vs. 0.5% and water
		Water				60.1
Jiménez-Pavón et al. (17)	16	660 mL 4.5% beer + mineral water ad libitum	~2.4	~90	1.6	~24	–	0.70	No
		Mineral water ad libitum				0.0			Rehydration period was 2 h, no separate monitoring period
Desbrow et al. (16)	12	2.3% beer + 25 mmol L−1 Na	2.0	150	2.3	~53d	4	<0.05e	Only <1 h after treatment
		2.3% beer + 50 mmol L−1 Na				~52d
		3.5% beer + 25 mmol L−1 Na				~81d		Lowest urine output for 2.3% + 50 vs. all other treatments
		3.5% beer + 50 mmol L−1 Na				~78d
Wijnen, present study	11	0% beer	1.0	100	0.74	0.0	5	0.681	No
		2% beer				12.1
		5% beer
		Isotonic sports Drink				28.9
		Water

^aAll participants were males.

^bData have been rounded up to the nearest tenth.

^cThese beverages consisted of a non-alcoholic base with alcohol added to it.

^dDifferences in g alcohol in beverages with the same alcohol percentage occurred because of small differences in body mass loss.

^eExact significant p-value or F ratio for main effects was not reported.