Table 2.

Overview of Thematic Analysis.

Biomedical researchers’ understandings of openness	Factors affecting the practice of openness in science
1. The timely donation of and access to research components	1. The existence of repositories and databases for data, materials, software, and models
2. Standards for the format and quality of research components	2. The competitiveness of academic fields
3. Metadata and annotation	3. The digital nature of research
4. Collaboration and cooperation with peers and communities	4. Credit systems in academic research
5. Freedom to choose venues and strategies for disseminating research	5. Career structures in academic research
6. Transparent peer review systems	6. Collaborations with industrial partners, as well as attempts at commercialization
7. Access to research components in non-Western and/or nonacademic contexts	7. Models and guidelines for intellectual property
	8. Governmental views on the status and social role played by universities
	9. The existence of various, and at times conflicting, government policies on Open Science