Figure 2.
Different types of intramural reentrant AF driver visualization by single-surface mapping. Ex-vivo contrast-enhanced MRI and schematic of the 3D atrial wall show the possible transmurality of microanatomic reentrant AF drivers. The transmurality of a microanatomic reentrant AF driver can cause three different visualizations: 1) complete reentry circuits (solid arrow), 2) incomplete reentry circuits (half-dotted arrow) and spatially stable breakthrough (single star), and 3) spatially unstable breakthroughs (multiple stars). Light purple oval and grey arrows represents AF driver region and fibrillatory conduction, respectively. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. Endo-endocardium; Epi-epicardium. From Hansen et al.1 and Li et al.3 with permission.