Table 2.
Adjusted relative risk (OR) (95% CI) of mental health disorders for ever-pregnant women by pregnancy history, controlling for covariates and other pregnancy outcomes: Add Health Waves I, III and IV (n = 3152).
| Abortion |
Live birth |
Pregnancy loss |
Significant covariates (p < 0.05) | PAF for abortion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Depression | 1.54 (1.17 to 2.03) | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.37) | 1.50 (1.19 to 1.89) | 3 to 6, 15 to 17 | 5.8 (2.0 to 9.5) |
| Anxiety disorder | 1.49 (1.07 to 2.08) | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.56) | 1.39 (1.04 to 1.86) | 1, 4, 5, 15, 16 | 6.6 (0.7 to 12.2) |
| Suicidal ideation | 1.40 (0.89 to 2.19) | 0.52 (0.35 to 0.79) | 1.64 (1.14 to 2.35) | 1, 6, 15, 16 | 7.2 (−3.0 to 16.4) |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 1.51 (1.15 to 2.00) | 0.61 (0.45 to 0.82) | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.10) | 1, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19 | 7.7 (2.3 to 12.7) |
| Illicit drug abuse/dependence | 3.02 (2.07 to 4.39) | 0.46 (0.30 to 0.70) | 1.38 (0.94 to 2.02) | 8, 10, 11, 14, 16 to 18, 20 | 25.6 (16.2 to 34.0) |
| Nicotine dependence | 1.58 (1.13 to 2.22) | 1.06 (0.78 to 1.46) | 1.32 (0.98 to 1.77) | 9, 15 to 18, 20 | 5.6 (1.3 to 9.7) |
| Cannabis abuse/dependence | 2.30 (1.62 to 3.26) | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.25) | 1.29 (0.93 to 1.80) | 10, 13, 16, 19, 20 | 17.9 (10.0 to 25.2) |
| Number of mental health problems | 1.45 (1.30 to 1.62)**** | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.96)*** | 1.24 (1.13 to 1.37)**** | 1 to 5, 8, 9, 11, 15 to 17, 19, 20 | 8.7 (6.0 to 11.3) |
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Add Health: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; PAF: population attributable fraction.
Shown are population-weighted and population-averaged panel regression estimates, derived from Poisson models for number of mental health outcomes and from logistic models for all other outcomes. All models are adjusted for sociodemographic variables: age (within panels), race, parent education, childhood poverty status, and region of origin. Numbers in parentheses report the 95% CI. All models are adjusted for the following demographic variables: age (within panel), race, parent education, childhood poverty status, and region of origin. Covariates fitted—childhood conditions: 1 = childhood physical abuse, 2 = childhood sexual abuse, 3 = childhood verbal abuse; at Wave I (average age 15): 4 = depression, 5 = anxiety, 6 = suicidal ideation, 7 = alcohol abuse, 8 = drug abuse, 9 = nicotine dependence, 10 = cannabis abuse, 11 = conduct problems in school, 12 = neuroticism, 13 = neighborhood integration, 14 = grade point average (gpa); at Wave IV (average age 28): 15 = ever raped, 16 = relationship satisfaction, 17 = educational attainment; time-dynamic: 18 = respondent poverty income, 19 = marital status, 20 = intimate partner violence.
p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; ****p < 0.001.