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. 2016 Nov;23(11):595–606. doi: 10.1101/lm.043026.116

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© 2016 Singer et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first 12 months after the full-issue publication date (see http://learnmem.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After 12 months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Figure 3. — Lever movement and sound are necessary for the development of sign-tracking. The development of conditioned approach depends upon the predictive value of the sound associated with the lever’s movement. All training occurred over 5 d with 25 conditioning trials/day. (A) Distribution of rat behavioral classifications following standard Pavlovian training (CS consists of 8 sec extension and illumination of the lever; cue is visible, audible, and manipulatable). (B) Distribution of rats (left) when during training the lever was “fixed” in place (CS consists of 8 sec illumination of the lever; cue is visual). Under this manipulation, all rats developed conditioned approach to the food cup (right, blue bars). As training progressed, rats decreased food cup entry during inter-trial-intervals (right, black circles). Data are displayed as entries per second to compare food cup contacts during the CS and inter-trial-intervals on the same scale. (***) P < 0.01–0.0001. Significant decrease in food cup contact during ITIs across training days, (###) P < 0.001. Means are shown as ±SEM.