. 2016 Jan 27;19(2):196–205. doi: 10.1111/ner.12384

Table 1.

Patient Characteristics Six Months Prior to Index: Pre‐ and Post‐Match.

Characteristic		Pre‐match CMM (N = 3188)	Pre‐match IDD (N = 142)	Pre‐match p value^*	Post‐match p value^* (n = 73 pairs)
Age	Mean	51.55	51.92	0.6755	0.7552
Emergency room visits^†	Mean	0.96	1.42	0.01^‡	0.5266
Inpatient hospital visits^†	Mean	0.25	1.13	<0.0001^‡	0.9125
Outpatient hospital visits	Mean	9.36	13.55	<0.0001^‡	0.1171
Physician office visits	Mean	14.31	18.97	<0.0001^‡	0.1739
Days in hospital^†	Mean	1.18	7.35	<0.0001^‡	0.7954
Total payments^†	Mean	38409.7	77393.3	<0.0001^‡	0.7711
Home health visits	Mean	1.07	3.62	<0.0001^‡	0.0400^‡
Hospice days	Mean	0.04	0.43	0.0024^‡	0.1566
Laboratory services	Mean	1.43	1.55	0.6416	0.0204^‡
Gender
Males	N	1168	55	0.6124	0.2038
Females	N	2020	87	0.6124	0.2038
Year of index date
2006	N	302	19	0.0286^‡	0.0176^‡
2007	N	607	32
2008	N	741	31
2009	N	852	44
2010^†	N	686	16
Health plan type
Comprehensive	N	158	8	0.3265	0.5173
Exclusive provider organization	N	29	0
Health maintenance organization	N	546	23
Place of service	N	226	11
Preferred provider organization	N	1994	82
Place of service with capitation	N	16	1
Consumer‐directed health plan	N	80	5
High‐deductible health plan	N	21	3
Unknown	N	118	9
Region^†
Northeast	N	239	10	<0.0001^‡	0.2989
North Central	N	892	55
South	N	1574	39
West	N	476	38
Unknown	N	7	0
Multiple cancers^†
No	N	1177	12	<0.0001^‡	0.7852
Yes	N	2011	130	<0.0001^‡	0.7852
Any diabetes prescription^§	Sum	380	18	0.7857	0.0706
Antihypertensive use^§	Sum	1001	42	0.6470	0.4761
Tumor ablation, endoscopic^#	Sum	10	2	0.0332^‡	0.5596
Tumor ablation, external	Sum	0	0	NA	NA
Tumor ablation, open	Sum	0	0	NA	NA
Tumor ablation, percutaneous	Sum	4	0	0.6728	0.3156
Tumor ablation, percutaneous endoscopic	Sum	0	0	NA	NA
Tumor ablation via body	Sum	2	0	0.7653	NA
Anticonvulsant use^†	Sum	358	44	<0.0001^‡	0.1313
Antidepressant use	Sum	1013	64	0.0009^‡	0.0325^‡
Antiemetic use^†	Sum	1603	83	0.0568	0.7400
Anxiolytic use	Sum	1499	84	0.0046^‡	0.6162
Biopsy, endoscopic^# ^,†	Sum	699	17	0.0047^‡	0.6552
Biopsy, external^†	Sum	126	2	0.1229	1.0000
Biopsy, open	Sum	241	11	0.9343	0.7539
Biopsy, percutaneous^†	Sum	705	27	0.3828	1.0000
Biopsy, percutaneous endoscopic	Sum	23	2	0.3534	0.3156
Biopsy, via body^†	Sum	126	0	0.0157^‡	NA
Chemotherapy	Sum	1372	89	<0.0001^‡	0.8685
Corticosteroid use	Sum	1111	56	0.2623	0.1668
Tumor destruction, endoscopic^#	Sum	0	0	NA	NA
Tumor destruction, open	Sum	1	0	0.8328	NA
Tumor destruction, via body	Sum	0	0	NA	NA
Appetite enhancer use	Sum	754	54	<0.0001^‡	0.2727
Tumor excision, endoscopic^#	Sum	150	5	0.5123	0.2452
Tumor excision, external	Sum	44	1	0.4949	0.3156
Tumor excision, open	Sum	79	5	0.4380	1.0000
Tumor excision, percutaneous	Sum	8	0	0.5501	NA
Tumor excision, percutaneous endoscopic	Sum	0	0	NA	NA
Tumor excision, via body	Sum	1	0	0.8328	NA
Laxative use	Sum	226	4	0.0495^‡	0.1722
Metastatic disease^†	Sum	1401	111	<0.0001^‡	0.5747
Treated by oncologist^†	Sum	1089	72	<0.0001^‡	0.1268
Opioid/tramadol use	Sum	3188	132	<0.0001^‡	NA
Treated by pain specialist^†	Sum	88	27	<0.0001^‡	1.0000
Psychostimulant use	Sum	81	6	0.2182	1.0000
Radiation therapy	Sum	651	52	<0.0001^‡	0.5528
Tumor resection, open^#	Sum	4	0	0.6728	NA
Bone cancer^†	Sum	163	25	<0.0001^‡	0.7714
Breast cancer^†	Sum	568	31	0.2230	0.1748
Carcinoma	Sum	288	15	0.5352	1.0000
Colorectal cancer	Sum	436	23	0.3939	0.7658
Digestive system cancer	Sum	941	66	<0.0001^‡	0.3548
Endocrine cancer	Sum	34	1	0.6787	0.6129
Genitourinary cancer^†	Sum	432	27	0.0646	0.3156
Kaposi's sarcoma	Sum	4	1	0.0814	0.1651
Lung cancer^†	Sum	359	38	<0.0001^‡	0.4335
Lymphoma/leukemia	Sum	1300	90	<0.0001^‡	0.5060
Oral cancer	Sum	204	3	0.0385^‡	1.0000
Other type of cancer	Sum	1778	106	<0.0001^‡	0.4706
Pancreatic cancer^†	Sum	173	16	0.0032^‡	0.5962
Prostate cancer^†	Sum	99	13	<0.0001^‡	0.4670
Respiratory/thoracic cancer	Sum	100	3	0.4904	0.1544
Skin cancer	Sum	168	7	0.8589	0.7308
Charlson comorbidity Index score components
Acute myocardial infarction	Sum	14	0	0.4287	0.3156
AIDS	Sum	13	0	0.4458	NA
Acute ulcer	Sum	56	3	0.7530	1.0000
Congestive heart failure	Sum	70	2	0.5280	0.4044
Cirrhosis	Sum	34	1	0.6787	1.0000
Chronic pulmonary disease	Sum	386	14	0.4200	0.5740
Chronic ulcer	Sum	14	1	0.6444	0.3156
Cardiovascular disease	Sum	113	4	0.6450	0.4670
Dementia	Sum	4	0	0.6728	NA
Diabetes^†	Sum	456	16	0.3101	0.7852
Diabetes with sequelae	Sum	104	3	0.4472	0.1544
Liver disease	Sum	12	0	0.4639	NA
Myocardial infarction (history)	Sum	22	1	0.9841	0.3156
Plegia (all types)^†	Sum	6	3	<0.0001^‡	0.3156
Peripheral vascular disease	Sum	46	2	0.9731	0.3156
Renal disease	Sum	111	2	0.1818	0.3156
Rheumatoid arthritis	Sum	56	0	0.1112	0.0801

Statistical test performed appropriate to the variable type and underlying data distribution.

^†

Variable remained in stepwise logistic regression for developing propensity score at p < 0.10 level of significance.

^‡

Indicates a statistically significant difference at the p < 0.05 level.

^§

Due to the short six‐month baseline period, use of drugs for diabetes and hypertension, as two common comorbidities, was included to increase our chances of identification of these conditions above and beyond the inclusion of the Charlson Comorbidity Index score components.

Tumor biopsy, excision, resection, destruction, and ablation were categorized based on the level of invasiveness of the approach.

CMM, conventional medical management; IDD, intrathecal drug delivery.