Table 4. Association of Ramadan-Associated Lifestyle Characteristics With Sleep Quality and Gastrointestinal Complications in Fasting Peoplea.
| Complication | Variable (Median) | Group 1b | Group 2 | OR (95% CI)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decreased sleep quality | ||||
| Separately intake the meals Iftar and dinner (yes/no) | 71/49 | 220/241 | 1.59 (1.05 - 2.38) | |
| Calorie intake at Iftar-dinner (≥/< 1200 Kcal) | 70/50 | 221/240 | 1.52 (1.01 - 2.28) | |
| Protein intake at Iftar-dinner (≥/< 50 g) | 91/29 | 199/262 | 4.10 (2.61-6.52) | |
| Increased daytime thirst | ||||
| Physical activity (≥/< 1.3 Kcal/body weight/hour) | 137/70 | 154/220 | 2.81 (1.96 - 3.98) | |
| Salt intake at Sahar (≥/< 1500 mg) | 153/54 | 138/236 | 4.80 (3.33 - 7.04) | |
| Daily salt intake (≥/< 3000 mg) | 123/84 | 168/206 | 1.79 (1.27 - 2.53) | |
| fruits and vegetables intake at Sahar (yes/no) | 67/140 | 224/150 | 0.32 (0.22 - 0.46) | |
| Dietary fiber intake at Sahar (≥/< 10 g) | 50/157 | 242/133 | 0.17 (0.12 - 0.25) | |
| Fat intake at Sahar (≥/< 40 g) | 135/72 | 156/218 | 2.62 (1.84 - 3.72) | |
| Protein intake at Sahar (≥/< 40 g) | 129/78 | 162/212 | 2.16 (1.52 - 3.06) | |
| Calorie intake at Sahar (≥/< 1000 Kcal) | 116/91 | 175/199 | 1.45 (1.03 - 2.04) | |
| Increased daytime hunger | ||||
| Dietary fiber at Sahar (≥/< 10 g) | 77/99 | 214/191 | 0.69 (0.48 - 0.99) | |
| Carbohydrate intake at Sahar (≥/< 70 %/Kcal) | 114/62 | 177/228 | 2.37 (1.64 - 3.42) | |
| Increased bloating | ||||
| Carbohydrate intake at each meal (≥/< 150 g) | 58/38 | 233/252 | 1.65 (1.06 - 2.58) | |
| Dietary fiber intake at each meal (≥/< 15 g) | 23/73 | 268/217 | 0.25 (0.15 - 0.42) | |
| Soluble fiber intake at each meal (≥/< 6 g) | 31/65 | 260/225 | 0.41 (0.26 - 0.66) | |
| Increasing heaviness and abdominal fullness | ||||
| Calorie intake at each meal (≥/< 1500 Kcal) | 131/68 | 160/222 | 2.67 (1.87 - 3.81) | |
| Meal volume (≥/< 1000 ml) | 151/48 | 140/242 | 5.43 (3.69 - 7.99) | |
| Fat intake at each meal (≥/< 40 g) | 119/80 | 172/210 | 1.81 (1.28 - 2.57) | |
| Increased incidence of constipation | ||||
| Daily dietary fiber intake (≥/< 15 g) | 33/63 | 258/227 | 0.46 (0.29 - 0.73) | |
| Daily liquid intake (≥/< 750 ml) | 29/67 | 262/223 | 0.37 (0.23 - 0.60) | |
| Heartburn | ||||
| Fat intake at each meal (≥/< 45 g) | 68/42 | 223/248 | 1.80 (1.77 - 2.75) | |
| Calorie intake at each meal (≥/< 1500 Kcal) | 66/44 | 225/246 | 1.64 (1.07 - 2.05) | |
| Headache | ||||
| Carbohydrate intake at Iftar (≥/< 200 g) | 98/45 | 193/245 | 2.76 (1.85 - 4.12) | |
| Daily tea consumption before Ramadan (≥/< 5 cups) | 104/39 | 187/251 | 3.58 (2.37 - 5.41) | |
| Smoking before Ramadan (yes/no) | 111/32 | 180/258 | 4.97 (3.21 - 7.69) |
aOnly significant associations were shown.
bDistribution for prevalence of each complication were reported according to two groups as group 1 (with complication) and group 2 (without complication).
cOdds ratios for logistic regression.