Table 1.

Phenotypic alterations in En1+/- mice.

At the cellular and molecular level

Preferential loss of SNpc mDA neurons

Impaired autophagy

Increased mTOR activation

Axonal fragmentation

Defective DA release and uptake

Decreased nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins

At the motor and non-motor behavioural level

Reduced locomotor activity (distance travelled, rearing)

Increased amphetamine-sensitization

Defective motor coordination (rotarod)

Depressive-like behaviour (forced simming test)

Anhedonic-like behaviour (saccharine preference)

Poor social interaction