Table 2.
Dietary phytochemicals altering DNA methylation.
| Dietary Phytochemical | Molecular mechanism(s) | Target genes | Preclinical Model | Disease Type | Dose/Concentration | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Apigenin | DNMT inhibitor | NA | Esophageal cells | NA | 20–50 μM | 85 |
| DNMT inhibitor | Decreases CpG hypermethylation in Nrf2 promoter | Skin cancer (mouse skin) | Cancer | (1.56–50 μM) | 87 | |
|
| ||||||
| Curcumin | DNMT inhibitor | NA | Esophageal Leukemia |
Cancer | 3–50 μM | 85 |
|
| ||||||
| Catechin | DNMT inhibitor | RARβ | Breast | 5–50 μM | 204 | |
| Epicatechin | DNMT inhibitor | Breast | 50 μM | 204, 113 | ||
| Epicatechin-gallate | DNMT inhibitor | Esophageal | 20–50 μM | 204, 113 | ||
| Epigalocatechin-3-gallate | DNMT inhibitor | RARβ, MGMT, MLH1, CDKN2A, RECK,TERT, RXRα,CDX2, GSTP1, W1F1 | Esophageal, Oral, Prostate, Lung, Colon cancer cells | Cancer | 20–100 μM: 0.3–06% | 109, 205, 206, 207, 208 |
|
| ||||||
| Biochanin A | DNMT inhibitor | NA | Esophageal, Prostate | Cancer | 20–100 μM | 85, |
| Daidezein | DNMT inhibitor | NA | Breast | 20–40 μM | 113, 124, 126 | |
| Genistein | DNMT inhibitor |
RARβ, MGMT, CDKN2A, GSTP1, HMGNS, BTG3 RXRα, CDX2, GSTP1, W1F1 |
Esophageal Prostate Tumors (Mice) |
50–300 mg/kg 3.75–100 μM |
85, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 135, 209, 210, 211 | |
|
| ||||||
| Lycopene | Unknown | GSTP1, RARβ, HIN-1 | Breast | Cancer | 2 μM | 126 |
| DNMT inhibitor | Activation of GSTP1 promoter | Prostate | 5–40 μM | |||
|
| ||||||
| Quercetin | DNMT inhibitor | CDKN2A | Esophageal Breast Colon |
Cancer | 5–20 μM | 165 |
|
| ||||||
| Resveratrol | DNMT inhibitor | NA | Breast, Lungs | Cancer | 20–40 μM | 212, 213 |
|
| ||||||
| Sulforaphane | DNMT inhibitor | NA | Esophageal, Colon | Cancer | 50 μM | 212 |
NA, information not available