Table 3.

Dietary phytochemicals and histone modification.

Dietary Agent	Molecular mechanism(s)	Target genes	In vitro model	In vivo model	Disease Type	Dose/Concentration	Ref.
Apigenin	HDAC inhibitor	p21	PC-3 cells	Mouse xenograft	Prostate cancer	20–50 μM (20–50 μg/day)	86
	HDAC inhibitor	NA	Skin cancer cells (mouse)			1.56–50 μM	87
Curcumin	HAT & HDAC inhibitor	H3/H4 deacetylation GATA4, EOMES, GZMB, PRF1	Cervix, HIV, Hepatoma Leukemia, Prostate Brain, Lymphoma	Plasmodium falciparum; Herpes Virus Mouse: Rat	Malaria Herpes Epilepsy Diabetes and Heart failure	0.3–75mg/kg (6.25–135μM)	96–106 214–222
Catechin	HAT inhibitor	NA	Lymphocytes	NA		100 μM	223
Epicatechin	HAT inhibitor	NA	Lymphocytes	NA		100 μM	223
Epicatechin-gallate	HAT inhibitor	NA	Lymphocytes, Colon	NA		100 μM	223
Epigalocatechin-3-gallate	HAT inhibitor	H3/H4 acetylation	Lymphocytes, Colon	NA	Cancer	5–100 μM	223
	HMT inhibitor	H3K27 trimethylation NF-κB, IL-6, BMI-1, EZH2, SUZ12	Keratinocytes, Prostate	NA
Equol	HDAC inhibitor	H2A/H2B/H3/H4	Drosophila	NA		12.8 μM	130
Genistein	HAT inhibitor	Acetylation H2A/H2B/H3/H4	Esophageal; Prostate, Breast, Renal	NA	Cancer	5–100 μM	124, 127, 128, 130, 131,
	HADC inhibitor	Acetylation p21, p16, PTEN, p53 FOXA3, SIRT1, hTERT		NA
Daidzein	HDAC inhibitor	Histone acetylation	Esophageal, Prostate	NA	Cancer	12.8–100 μM	130, 210
Indole-3 carbinol Diindolylmethane	HDAC inhibitor	IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-12	Prostate cancer	Sprague-Dawley rats		20–80 μg/rat	82, 141, 143–150
			Colon Cancer	Nude mice	Cancer	15–100 μM
			Spleenocytes (CD3+ cells)	Nude mice		15–100 μM 100–300 mg/kg 100 μM 40 mg/kg
Allicin	unknown	H4 acetylation	Erythroleukemia	NA		2–200 μM	157–159
Allyl mercaptan	SIRT1 inhibitor	H3/H4 acetylation P21/WAF1	Erythroleukemia Liver, Colon	Rat: liver	Cancer	2–500 μM (100mg/kg)	157–159, 224
S-allymercapto-Cysteine	HAT inhibitor	H3/H4 acetylation	Erythroleukemia	NA		20–250 μM	156, 161
Diallyl disulphide	HDAC inhibitor	H3/H4 acetylation P21/WAF1	Erythroleukemia, Leukemia, Liver, Colon, Prostate, Fibroblast	Rat	Cancer	20–200 μM (42–200 mg/kg)	156–159,161 224
Quercetin	SIRTI activator	IP-10, MIP-2	Cervix, Drosophila Small intestine	Cancer Mouse	Inflammatory diseases	100 μM	164–175,
	HAT inhibitor			Bowel inflammation			181,182
Resveratrol	SIRTi activator	TNF-α, IL-8, RBP	Cervix, Endothelial Embryonic kidney, Macrophages, Lungs, Liver, Cardiomyocytes	Yeast, Drosophila Mouse Rats	Colon cancer Lung cancer	10–200 μM	177–191
Sulforaphane	HDAC inhibitor	H3/H4 acetylation RARβ, HBD-2, p21, Bax	Prostate, Breast, Colon, Kidney	Mouse, prostate cancer xenografts	Cancer	15–25 μM (443 μg/kg, 68g)	193–203, 225–227

NA, information not available