Table 3.
Structural composition of natural and synthetic lignin samples determined using Q-HSQC and QQ-HSQC.
| Sample | Activity | Pearson | Yield | β-O-4% | β-5% | β-β% | 5-5-O-4% | ||||
| NORWAY SPRUCE LIGNIN | |||||||||||
| MWLa | – | +1.0 | – | 66.7 ± 1.0 | z = +2.8 | 20.1 ± 0.4 | z = −2.5 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | z = −3.0 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | z = +2.4 |
| NORWAY SPRUCE EXTRACELLULAR LIGNIN AND POLYMERS PRODUCED WITH ENZYMES ISOLATED FROM THE TISSUE CULTURE | |||||||||||
| ELa | – | +0.7 | – | 50.7 ± 0.6 | z = +0.6 | 24.8 ± 0.2 | z = −1.7 | 18.6 ± 0.0 | z = +0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | z = +2.2 |
| DHP/Pa-BD | 200 nkat | +0.9 | 68 ± 5% | 54.2 | z = +1.1 | 26.8 | z = −1.3 | 15.6 | z = −0.6 | 3.4 | z = +0.8 |
| DHP/Pa-BD | 5 nkat | −1.0 | 5 ± 2% | 39.4 ± 0.3 | z = −1.0 | 38.7 ± 0.6 | z = +0.9 | 20.7 ± 0.3 | z = +0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | z = −0.4 |
| DHP/Pa-SL | 200 nkat | −0.9 | 41 ± 6% | 44.3 ± 0.0 | z = −0.3 | 34.7 ± 0.2 | z = +0.2 | 19.1 ± 0.4 | z = +0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | z = 0.0 |
| DHP/Pa-SL | 5 nkat | −1.0 | 4 ± 2% | 40.2 ± 1.2 | z = −0.9 | 37.6 ± 1.3 | z = +0.7 | 21.1 ± 0.3 | z = +0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | z = −0.5 |
| POLYMERS PRODUCED WITH ENZYMES FROM NON-LIGNIN-FORMING SOURCES | |||||||||||
| DHP/HRP | 20,000 nkat | – | 58 ± 3% | Insoluble product | |||||||
| DHP/HRP | 5000 nkat | – | 58 ± 4% | Insoluble product | |||||||
| DHP/HRPa | 1100 nkat | −0.9 | 41 ± 7% | 45.4 ± 1.1 | z = −0.2 | 35.4 ± 1.0 | z = +0.3 | 18.2 ± 0.6 | z = +0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | z = −0.5 |
| DHP/HRP | 200 nkat | −0.9 | 39 ± 3% | 44.2 ± 0.7 | z = −0.3 | 36.5 ± 1.1 | z = +0.5 | 18.4 ± 0.1 | z = +0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | z = −0.6 |
| DHP/HRP | 5 nkat | – | No recoverable product | ||||||||
| DHP/Mal | 300 nkat | −1.0 | 28 ± 2 | 41.4 ± 0.2 | z = −0.7 | 37.6 ± 0.3 | z = +0.7 | 20.0 ± 0.1 | z = +0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | z = −0.6 |
| DHP/Thi | 300 nkat | +0.7 | 48 ± 2 | 52.1 ± 0.9 | z = +0.8 | 31.9 ± 0.4 | z = −0.3 | 14.9 ± 0.4 | z = −0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | z = −0.5 |
| DHP/HRP+Thi | 150 + 150 nkat | +0.6 | 39 ± 4 | 52.0 ± 0.8 | z = +0.7 | 32.0 ± 0.0 | z = −0.3 | 15.1 ± 0.1 | z = −0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | z = −0.5 |
| DHP/HRP+Mal | 150 + 150 nkat | −1.0 | 29 ± 4 | 42.6 ± 0.2 | z = −0.6 | 37.2 ± 0.3 | z = +0.7 | 19.3 ± 0.2 | z = +0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | z = −0.6 |
Activity column indicates the total coniferyl alcohol (per)oxidase activity used in the production of DHPs. Pearson column gives a Pearson correlation of the standard scores of a sample with milled wood lignin (MWL). Yield column gives the yields of DHP synthesis as a percentage of the maximum theoretical yield. The final four columns give the proportions of the four main lignin substructures (β-O-4, β-5, β-β and 5-5-O-4) as percentages of the total 2D NMR signal from these structures and standard scores (z) calculated from these values. EL, extracellular lignin; DHP, dehydrogenation polymer; Pa-BD, total proteins extracted from extracellular lignin; Pa-SL, total soluble proteins from the culture medium; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; Mal, Melanocarpus albomyces laccase; Thi, Trametes hirsuta laccase.
Results published previously in Koutaniemi et al. (2005).