Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | Low GS | Intermediate GS | High GS | Pa | Pb |
| (≤ 24, n = 127) | (24–47, n = 124) | (≥ 47, n = 129) | |||
| Risk factors | |||||
| Age, yrs | 59.8 ± 8.8 | 59.2 ± 9.9 | 60.7 ± 9.3 | 0.554 | 0.312 |
| Male | 80 (63.0%) | 82 (66.1%) | 97 (75.2%) | 0.182 | 0.073 |
| Smoking | 58 (45.7%) | 57 (46.0%) | 61 (47.3%) | 0.951 | 0.775 |
| Family history of CAD | 18 (14.2%) | 20 (16.1%) | 23 (17.8%) | 0.632 | 0.365 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.6 ± 3.8 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | 26.2 ± 3.3 | 0.223 | 0.550 |
| Hypertension | 97 (76.4%) | 94 (75.8%) | 91 (70.5%) | 0.584 | 0.300 |
| Dyslipidemia | 112 (88.2%) | 103 (83.1%) | 97 (75.2%) | 0.059 | 0.032 |
| PVD | 2 (1.6%) | 3 (2.4%) | 3 (2.3%) | 0.708 | 0.641 |
| Stroke | 4 (3.2%) | 3 (2.4%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0.969 | 0.896 |
| Duration of diabetes, yrs | 7.8 ± 6.2 | 8.1 ± 5.5 | 11.0 ± 6.3 | 0.022 | 0.006 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.1 ± 18.2 | 123.5 ± 15.1 | 124.1 ± 13.9 | 0.197 | 0.486 |
| DBP, mmHg | 77.6 ± 9.8 | 74.9 ± 8.8 | 74.9 ± 9.9 | 0.299 | 0.465 |
| Lipid profile | |||||
| TG, mg/dL | 147.1 (109.9–225.0) | 140.0 (102.8–201.1) | 140.0 (104.5–187.8) | 0.385 | 0.413 |
| TC, mg/dL | 159.6 ± 41.3 | 157.5 ± 46.1 | 168.6 ± 46.1 | 0.182 | 0.069 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 91.2 ± 31.8 | 92.9 ± 35.4 | 104.0 ± 39.7 | 0.026 | 0.007 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 41.6 ± 11.0 | 41.5 ± 9.0 | 40.0 ± 8.6 | 0.451 | 0.206 |
| Non-HDL-C, mg/dL | 117.8 ± 38.2 | 115.6 ± 45.2 | 128.5 ± 43.9 | 0.079 | 0.026 |
| Lipoprotein (A), mg/dL | 13.4 (5.9–27.6) | 15.6 (4.9–27.4) | 19.9 (6.8–45.1) | 0.034 | 0.010 |
| ApoA-I, mg/dL | 136 (129–165) | 142.0 (129.8–155.3) | 138.0 (123.0–151.0) | 0.185 | 0.079 |
| ApoB, mg/dL | 95.9 ± 28.7 | 97.6 ± 32.5 | 107.0 ± 32.7 | 0.028 | 0.008 |
| Laboratory test | |||||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 70.4 ± 15.5 | 73.1 ± 15.7 | 75.1 ± 15.0 | 0.096 | 0.075 |
| Uric acid, mmol/L | 325.6 ± 93.8 | 344.5 ± 83.3 | 350.9 ± 111.9 | 0.173 | 0.188 |
| AST, IU/L | 16.0 (12.0–20.0) | 16 (13–22) | 15.0 (12.0–18.0) | 0.058 | 0.019 |
| ALT, IU/L | 22.0 (16.5–31.5) | 23.0 (17.0–34.3) | 21.0 (15.0–29.0) | 0.158 | 0.055 |
| HbA1C, % | 7.1 (6.7–7.9) | 7.0 (6.4–7.9) | 7.4 (6.7–8.3) | 0.075 | 0.036 |
| NT-pro-BNP, fmol/mL | 516 (436.2–636.8) | 552.1 (428.0-668.2) | 600.2 (451.9–790.9) | 0.059 | 0.019 |
| LVEF, % | 65.9 ± 5.0 | 65.7 ± 5.1 | 64.4 ± 5.8 | 0.094 | 0.030 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.9 (1.0–3.1) | 1.6 (0.6–3.3) | 2.0 (0.9–4.0) | 0.406 | 0.570 |
| Lipids and lipoprotein ratio | |||||
| TG/HDL-C | 3.86 (2.51–5.45) | 3.44 (2.41–5.27) | 3.58 (2.54–4.84) | 0.644 | 0.724 |
| TC/HDL-C | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 0.055 | 0.017 |
| LDL-C/HDL-C | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| TG/ApoA-I | 1.08 (0.79–1.46) | 0.94 (0.73–1.39) | 1.00 (0.72–1.32) | 0.624 | 0.759 |
| Non-HDL-C/ApoA-I | 0.82 ± 0.28 | 0.81 ± 0.34 | 0.92 ± 0.31 | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| LDL-C/ApoA-I | 0.65 ± 0.22 | 0.64 ± 0.25 | 0.74 ± 0.27 | 0.021 | 0.001 |
| ApoB/ApoA-I | 0.66 ± 0.20 | 0.68 ± 0.23 | 0.77 ± 0.23 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Statin therapy | 69 (54.3) | 70 (56.5) | 67 (51.9) | 0.850 | 0.648 |
The data shown are the mean ± SD, median (Q1–Q3 quartiles) or n (%). aP value obtained from analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, or chi-squared test; bP value for high GS vs. non-high (low and intermediate), GS obtained from analysis of t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or Chi-squared test. ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GS: Gensini score; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobinA1C; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVFE: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-pro-BNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.