Table 3.

Pathophysiological roles of FGFs in the human heart.

	Function	Effect	Disease
PARACRINE SIGNAL
FGF2	Gain-of-function	Promotion	Inflammatory pericardial disease
	Gain-of-function	Promotion	Type 4 cardiorenal syndrome
	Gain-of-function	Protection	TGFβ1-induced cardiac remodeling
FGF16	Loss-of-function	Promotion	Myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation
FGF21	Gain-of-function		Atrial fibrillation with rheumatic heart disease
FGF23	Gain-of-function	Promotion	Left ventricular hypertrophy
	Serum levels		Disease
SERUM BIOMARKER
FGF15/19	Decrease		Coronary artery disease
FGF21	Increase		Coronary artery disease
FGF23	Increase		Acute decompensated heart failure
	Increase		Kawasaki syndrome
	Increase		Left ventricular hypertrophy
	Increase		Oncostatin-dependent heart disease