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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 25.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2016 Jul 25;45(15):4074–4126. doi: 10.1039/c5cs00287g

Figure 9. Oncolytic virus therapy action and potential synergy.

Figure 9

a) Immune clearance of tumors at baseline is inhibited by inactivation of T cells through binding of their programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) receptor to programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) expressed on tumor cells as well as by secretion of inhibitory cytokines. b) OV treatment triggers local expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or overrides immune checkpoint inhibition, resulting in immune stimulation and recruitment of immune cells. c) Combination of OV therapy with other immunotherapies such as PDL1 antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells can be used to enhance immune responses. Reproduced with permission from ref. 245. Copyright 2015 Nature Publishing Group.