Table 4. MiRNA modulation by nutraceuticals.
| Nutraceuticals |
Targeted
miRNAs (miR) |
MiRNA
Regulation |
Cellualr Effect of
miRNA-Targeting |
Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GENISTEIN | -miR-145 | -Up | -Decreases tumour cell viability, increases apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (PC-3 cell line). | [112] |
| -miR-1256 -miR-29a |
-Up -Up |
-Epigenetic down-regulation of TRIM68 and PGK1 proteins, inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion (LNCaP, VCaP, PC-3, C4–2B and ARCaPM PCa cells). | [113] | |
| -miR-1296 | -Up | -Decreased minichromosome maintenance (MCM2) expression. | [16] | |
| -miR-222 -miR-221 |
-Down -Down |
-Up-regulation of Aplysia Ras Homology member I (ARHI) expression level. -Reduced cell colony formation and proliferation (PC-3 cell line). |
[114] [99] | |
| -miR-151 -miR-151-5p |
-Down -Down |
-Reduced cell motility and invasiveness, without effect on cell growth (PC-3 cell line). | [99, 115] | |
| -miR-574-3p | -Up | -Inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, induction of apoptosis (PC-3 and DU145 cell lines). | [78, 99] | |
| -miR-1260b | -Down | -Inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (PC-3 and DU145 cell lines). | [99, 111] | |
| RESVERATROL | -miR-654-5p | -Up | -AR inhibition and inhibition of cell proliferation (LNCaP, DU145 cell lines) |
[119] |
| -miR-17-92cluster (miR-17,miR-18, miR- 20a,miR-20b,miR-92b) -miR-106a, miR-106b (cluster) -miR-21 |
-Down | -Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-gene targeting (LNCaP and DU145 cell lines). -Up-regulation of PDCD4 and Maspin tumour suppressors. -Reduced PCa cell growth and aggressiveness. -Reduced cell viability, migration and invasiveness in PC-3M-MM2 cell line and mouse xenograft model ofPCa -Inhibition of the Akt/MicroRNA-21 pathway |
[118, 119] | |
| -miR-150, miR-149, and miR-152 | -Up | Not known | [119] | |
| -miR-744, miR-663 (?) | -Up (?) | -EEF1A2 targeting and reduced cell growth in PCa (?) | [21] | |
|
CURCUMIN; CURCUMIN-DERIVED SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE AND PLGA-CUR NPS (NANOPARTICLES) |
-miR-21 and miR-210 | -Down | -CFD (curcuma derived synthetic analogue): inhibition of cell survival, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, and the CSC self-renewal capacity of human PCa cells under hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of HIF-1α. |
[129] |
| -miR-21 | -Down | -EF24 (diphenyl difluoroketone): induces apoptosis inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway and enhancing PTEN and PDCD4 expression levels (DU-145 cell line). | [130] | |
| -miR-205 -miR-21 |
-Up -Down |
-PLGA-CURNPs nanoparticles: down-modulate nuclear β-catenin and AR expression and suppress STAT3 and AKT phosphorylation, leading to cell apoptosis, and reduced PCa tumor volume in xenograft mice model. | [131] | |
|
GREEN TEA EXTRACTS (EGCG) |
-miR-21 -miR-330 |
-Down -Up |
-Reduce PCa cell growth (xenograft mouse model of PCa). | [132] |
| -miR-92, miR-93, and miR-106b (in PCa ?). -miR-7-1, miR-34a, miR-99a (in PCa?). |
-Down -Up |
-Induction of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. | [46, 143, 144] | |
| I3C AND DIM | -miR-200b; miR-200c; let-7 |
-Up | -Anti-proliferative action. (LNCaP, C4-2B and CWR22RV1 cell lines and in human PCa tissue). |
[149] |
|
ISOTHIOCYANATES AND SULFORAPHANE |
-miR-17 | -Up | -PEITC (glucosinolate-derived phenethylisothiocyanate): decreased expression of p300/CBP-associated factor. Anti-proliferative effects (LNCaP cell line). | [137, 154] |
The table reports some of the main evidences on the effects of nutraceuticals on miRNA modulation in prostate cancer cells and some potential proposed modulations (?).
List of abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; PLGA-CUR NPs, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)- CUR nanoparticles; STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TRIM68, Tripartite motif-containing protein 68; PGK1, Phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog protein; PDCD4, Programmed cell death protein 4; Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor, belonging to serpin protein superfamily); EEF1A2, Eukaryotic translation elongation factor-2; CSC, Cancer stem cell; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; EGCG, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; I3C, Indole-3-Carbinol; DIM, 3,3’- Diindolylmethane; p300/CBP, p300 and CREB binding protein (CBP).