FIG 3.

Berberine is effective even at high multiplicity of infection. BHK-21 cells were infected at an MOI of 10 with wild-type CHIKV for 6 h. Berberine (BBC) was present throughout the experiment in a 2-fold concentration series ranging from 20 μM to 1.25 μM. (A) Plaque assay viral titers from cell culture supernatants collected 6 h p.i. performed in triplicates (means from two independent experiments ± SEM). Statistical significance was determined using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01). (B) Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting for the presence of the indicated CHIKV proteins. Actin was used as a loading control. (C) Total RNA was isolated from parallel wells, and Northern blot analysis was done using probes specific to the 3′ untranslated region of the CHIKV genome, and the viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs were detected. Representative results from two independent experiments.