FIG 5.

Berberine modulates CHIKV-induced signaling pathways. (A) Human phosphokinase array. HOS cells were either mock infected, mock infected with 5 μM berberine (Mock_BBC), infected with wild-type CHIKV (CHIKV alone), or infected with CHIKV in the presence of 5 μM BBC (CHIKV_BBC). Cells were lysed at 8 h p.i. and subjected to the array. Phosphoprotein spots were captured on an X-ray film, densitometric analysis was performed on ImageJ, and the relative phosphorylation levels were expressed as fold induction relative to untreated mock cells and represented as a heat map. The data are representative of two independent experiments. (B) Verification by immunoblotting. HOS cells were infected in the same pattern as in the phosphokinase array. Lysates were collected at 8 h p.i., followed by Western blotting for the indicated proteins. Densitometric data, which represent the mean ratio of phosphoprotein to the respective total protein signal, normalized to the mock-treated, mock-infected controls (infected mock-treated for nsP3), are indicated below the respective protein panels. Representative results from at least two independent experiments.