Table 1. Sample characteristics of NESDA (n=1589).
| Current MDD n=687 | Remitted MDD n=482 | Healthy controls n=420 | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 463 | (67.4) | 340 | (70.5) | 252 | (60.0) | 0.002 |
| Age, years (mean, s.d.) | 41.2 | (12.3) | 43.5 | (12.8) | 39.0 | (14.9) | 0.042 |
| Research center | <0.001 | ||||||
| Amsterdam | 118 | (17.2) | 93 | (19.3) | 66 | (15.7) | |
| Leiden | 312 | (45.4) | 167 | (34.6) | 155 | (36.9) | |
| Groningen | 185 | (26.9) | 196 | (40.7) | 182 | (43.3) | |
| Emmen | 55 | (8.0) | 13 | (2.7) | 6 | (1.4) | |
| Heerenveen | 17 | (2.5) | 13 | (2.7) | 11 | (2.6) | |
| Non-European ancestry | 36 | (5.2) | 11 | (2.3) | 10 | (2.4) | 0.008 |
| Current smoker | 286 | (41.6) | 184 | (38.2) | 119 | (28.3) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean, s.d.) | 26.0 | (5.6) | 25.9 | (4.9) | 24.8 | (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, number of drinks per week (median, IQR) | 2.4 | (0.2–8.5) | 3.7 | (0.4–8.7) | 3.7 | (1.0–8.7) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, 1000 MET-minutes/week (median, IQR) | 2.6 | (1.1–4.8) | 3.1 | (1.5–5.7) | 3.1 | (1.5–5.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovasular medication use | 110 | (16.0) | 86 | (17.8) | 61 | (14.5) | 0.397 |
| Diabetes treatment | 32 | (4.7) | 17 | (3.5) | 13 | (3.1) | 0.376 |
| Corticosteroid use | 53 | (7.7) | 31 | (6.4) | 17 | (4.0) | 0.050 |
| Anti-inflammatory drug use | 38 | (5.5) | 25 | (5.2) | 4 | (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Sex hormone use | 142 | (20.7) | 90 | (18.7) | 92 | (21.9) | 0.472 |
| Depression severity, IDS score (median, IQR) | 32 | (23–40) | 16 | (10–25) | 6 | (3–12) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressant medication use | |||||||
| No | 389 | (56.6) | 384 | (79.7) | 417 | (99.3) | <0.001 |
| TCA | 28 | (4.1) | 13 | (2.7) | 0 | (0.0) | <0.001 |
| SSRI | 203 | (29.5) | 73 | (15.1) | 3 | (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Other antidepressantsa | 77 | (11.2) | 15 | (3.1) | 0 | (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Current anxiety disorder | 426 | (62.0) | 173 | (35.9) | 0 | (0.0) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; IDS, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; IQR, interquartile range; MDD, major depressive disorder; NESDA, Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.
a
Other antidepressants included serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tetracyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
The table shows n (%), unless otherwise reported. P-values are from a χ2-test for categorical variables, ANOVA for continuous variables and Kruskall–Wallis tests for non-normal continuous variables.