Table 3. Sample characteristics and overview of validated biomarkers in the two pooled validation cohorts.
| MDD cases | Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 78 | 156 | |
| Country | Germany | Germany | |
| Source of population | Psychiatric inpatient/outpatient | General population | |
| Depression diagnosis | MDD | None | |
| Males/females | 27/51 | 76/80 | |
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 39.8 (12.8) | 37.4 (11.5) | |
| Ethnicity | Caucasian | Caucasian | |
| Smoking (yes/no/NA) | 36/42 | 39/117 | |
| BMI, mean (s.d.) | 24.7 (5.4) | 25.3 (4.3) | |
| Antidepressant medication use | >6 Weeks off medication or drug naive first onset | None | |
| Other psychiatric disorders | None | None |
| Analyte | log(odds) | P | Validated?a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic polypeptide | 1.60 | 3.03 × 10−5 | Yes |
| FSH | 1.02 | 0.001 | No |
| LH | 0.72 | 0.038 | No |
| Alpha-1-antitrypsin | −0.06 | 0.96 | No |
| Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | 3.55 | 1.80 × 10−7 | Yes |
| Growth-regulated alpha protein | −1.91 | 0.033 | Yes |
| Matrix metalloproteinase-3 | −0.58 | 0.29 | No |
| Angiopoietin 2 | −0.39 | 0.46 | No |
| ENRAGE | 2.94 | 4.20 × 10−9 | Yes |
| IL12p40 | −1.08 | 0.028 | No |
| IL1ra | 3.97 | 1.49 × 10−6 | Yes |
| CD40 antigen | 4.73 | 0.004 | No |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen | 0.61 | 0.066 | No |
| von Willebrand factor | 1.66 | 0.010 | Yes |
| Tenascin C | 2.61 | 0.003 | Yes |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | 1.87 | 0.045 | No |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ENRAGE, extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end-products binding protein; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; MDD, major depressive disorder; NA, not applicable; NESDA, Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety.
Validated: analytes were considered to be validated when the analyte was significantly related to MDD in the same direction (that is, positive or negative) as in NESDA. The following 17 markers were eligible for replication but had not been assessed in the validation cohorts: prostasin, angiogenin, apolipoprotein D, IGFBP5, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3, cathepsin D, fetuin-A, cystatin C, lactoylglutathione lyase, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, hepsin, matrix metalloproteinase-10, apolipoprotein A4, complement factor H-related protein 1, fatty acid-binding protein adipocyte and cellular fibronectin.
Results from logistic regression with MDD status (0=control and 1=MDD case) as outcome.