Figure 1.

Whole-brain fMRI results. All images thresholded at Z>2.3, P<0.05, corrected. (a) Main effect of task: across both groups, Reappraisal (versus Maintain) led to greater BOLD signal response in bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral PFC, orbitofrontal cortex, lateral occipital cortex, angular gyrus, cerebellum and occipital fusiform and inferior temporal gyri, and left middle temporal gyrus, and to a decrease in activation in bilateral precuneus ext. lingual gyrus. (b) Main effect of group: compared with controls, patients showed increased activation in prefrontal, temporal and occipital areas, including bilateral dorsomedial and dorsolateral PFC, left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, right supplementary motor area, left inferior frontal and middle temporal gyri, left lateral occipital cortex and occipital fusiform gyrus, and left angular gyrus during picture blocks (versus fixation baseline block). (c) Group × task interaction: maintaining negative affect (versus Reappraisal) was associated with increased signal response in patients compared with controls in a right frontal pole cluster including the vlPFC, vmPFC and dmPFC (top panel), and a limbic cluster including parts of the right hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and lingual gyrus (bottom panel). In controls, Maintain (versus Reappraisal) was related to decreased activation in this limbic cluster. For both clusters, BOLD% signal change during Maintain minus Reappraisal blocks was significantly correlated with symptom severity in patients. MNI coordinates 14,−42,−2. Error bars show s.e.m. *Significant difference between conditions or groups. dmPFC, dorsomedial PFC; ext., extending into; HC, healthy control; L, left; PD, panic disorder patient; PFC, prefrontal cortex; R, right; vlPFC, ventrolateral PFC; vmPFC, ventromedial PFC.