Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2015 Sep 1;5(9):e632. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.136

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

PMC Copyright notice

Antidepressant effects of R-ketamine and S-ketamine in social defeat stress and LH models of depression. (a) The schedule of social defeat stress model and behavioral tests after treatment. (b) One percent SPT was performed 1 day after a single dose of saline, R-ketamine (10 mg kg⁻¹) or S-ketamine (10 mg kg⁻¹) (one-way ANOVA, F_3,42=11.05, P=0.002). (c–e) Behavioral tests, including LMT (F_3,35=0.038, P=0.99), TST (F_3,34=12.046, P<0.001) and FST (F_3,34=13.235, P<0.001), were performed 2 days after a single dose. (f) SPT was performed 6 days after a single dose (F_3,34=9.974, P<0.001). (g, h) TST (F_3,32=12.019, P<0.001) and FST (F_3,32=14.479, P<0.001) were performed 7 days after a single dose. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=8–11). *P<0.05, and ***P<0.001. (i) The schedule of learned helplessness (LH) model and behavioral tests after treatment. (j, k) The failure of LH (one-way ANOVA, F_2,15=3.903, P=0.043) and the escape latency of LH (F_2,15=4.317, P=0.033) were measured 5 days after a single dose of saline, R-ketamine (20 mg kg⁻¹) or S-ketamine (20 mg kg⁻¹). Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=6). *P<0.05. ANOVA, analysis of variance; FST, forced swimming test; IES, inescapable electric foot shock; LH, learned helplessness; LMT, locomotion test; NS, not significant; PS, post-shock test; SPT, sucrose preference test; TST, tail suspension test.