Table 2. Descriptive statistics of women and infants in study sample.
| Total | Delivery at lower-quality facilities | Delivery at high-quality facilities | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n or mean | % or SD | n or mean | % or SD | n or mean | % or SD | |||
| Women's characteristics | Weighted n = 6,535 | Weighted n = 3,641 | Weighted n = 2,894 | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Urban | 839 | 12.8% | 327 | 9.0% | 512 | 17.7% | ||
| Household has improved water source | 5,605 | 85.8% | 3,118 | 85.6% | 2,487 | 86.0% | ||
| Household has access to a toilet | 506 | 7.7% | 217 | 6.0% | 289 | 10.0% | ||
| Age at delivery (mean, SD) | 26.20 | 6.56 | 26.24 | 6.56 | 26.15 | 6.56 | ||
| Secondary education or above (n = 6,534) | 1,242 | 19.0% | 580 | 15.9% | 662 | 22.9% | ||
| Marital status (n = 6,533) | ||||||||
| Currently married | 5,529 | 84.6% | 3,127 | 85.9% | 2,402 | 83.0% | ||
| Formerly married | 745 | 11.4% | 398 | 10.9% | 347 | 12.0% | ||
| Never married | 259 | 4.0% | 113 | 3.1% | 146 | 5.0% | ||
| Risk factors | ||||||||
| Age <18 at delivery | 825 | 12.6% | 439 | 12.1% | 386 | 13.3% | ||
| Parity (mean, SD) | 3.30 | 2.11 | 3.38 | 2.11 | 3.20 | 2.10 | ||
| ANC visits—any | 6,505 | 99.5% | 3,629 | 99.7% | 2,875 | 99.4% | ||
| ANC visits—at least four | 3,074 | 47.6% | 1,690 | 47.0% | 1,383 | 48.5% | ||
| Delivery characteristics | ||||||||
| Delivery location | ||||||||
| Government hospital | 1,826 | 27.9% | 128 | 3.5% | 1,697 | 58.6% | ||
| Government health center | 3,880 | 59.4% | 3,188 | 87.5% | 692 | 23.9% | ||
| Private facility | 150 | 2.3% | 103 | 2.8% | 46 | 1.6% | ||
| CHAM/Mission hospital | 402 | 6.1% | 20 | 0.6% | 382 | 13.2% | ||
| CHAM/Mission health center | 279 | 4.3% | 201 | 5.5% | 77 | 2.7% | ||
| Health facilities within 20 km (mean, SD) | 24.33 | 28.89 | 21.34 | 27.58 | 28.09 | 30.03 | ||
| Distance (km) to nearest facility of delivery type (mean, SD) | 8.42 | 7.96 | 7.00 | 6.43 | 10.22 | 9.24 | ||
| Infant characteristics | ||||||||
| Weighted n = 6,690 | Weighted n = 3,709 | Weighted n = 2,981 | ||||||
| Male | 3,414 | 51.0% | 1,935 | 52.2% | 1,479 | 49.6% | ||
| First birth | 1,597 | 23.9% | 827 | 22.3% | 770 | 25.8% | ||
| Multiples | 307 | 4.6% | 135 | 3.6% | 172 | 5.8% | ||
| Low birth weight (n = 6,676) | 1,062 | 15.9% | 555 | 15.0% | 507 | 17.0% | ||
| Unintended (n = 6,688) | 2,965 | 44.3% | 1,702 | 45.9% | 1,262 | 42.3% | ||
| Outcome: Death within 28 days | 115 | 1.7% | 47 | 1.3% | 68 | 2.3% | ||
Sample restricted to women delivering in an institution that plausibly matched an institution in SPA (<50 km to facility of delivery type) and weighted using women’s sampling weight scaled to effective sample size. Infant sample size is higher than women’s sample size due to twins.
CHAM: Christian Health Association of Malawi; SD: standard deviation