Table 1. Demographic, clinical and behavioral data.
| Patients with bipolar disorder (n=41) | Unrelated healthy controls (n=46) | Resilient relatives (n=25) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age | 44.3 (11.9) | 40.3 (13.2) | 39.7 (13.7) |
| Sex (male/female) | 20/21 | 25/21 | 13/12 |
| IQ | 117.9 (17.9) | 112.6 (14.5) | 115.8 (18.5) |
| Clinical variables | |||
| HDRS total scorea | 4.8 (5.3) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.14 (0.4) |
| YMRS total scorea | 1.4 (3.0) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| BPRS total scorea | 27.5 (4.0) | 24.3 (0.7) | 24.1 (0.4) |
| Age of onset (years) | 24.7 (8.0) | — | — |
| Duration of illness (years) | 20.2 (10.5) | — | — |
| Depressive episodes (n) | 5.7 (7.5) | — | — |
| Manic episodes (n) | 5.6 (7.7) | — | — |
| GAF | 75 (14.9) | ||
| Facial affect-recognition task performance | |||
| Accuracy (%) | 90.3 (4.1) | 93.1 (4.8) | 90.1 (5.2) |
| Response time (s)b | 1.4 (0.20) | 1.10 (0.24) | 1.09 (0.14) |
| Working memory task performance | |||
| 3-Back accuracy (%)c | 68.9 (26.7) | 72.1 (25.1) | 90.1 (15.4) |
| 3-Back response time (s) | 0.86 (0.34) | 0.87 (0.45) | 0.73 (0.22) |
Abbreviations: BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; n, number; s, seconds; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as mean (s.d.).
a
Scores for patients are significantly greater than those of both other groups (P<0.019).
b
Patients had longer mean response times compared with both other groups (P<0.009).
c
Relatives showed higher accuracy scores compared with both other groups (P<0.003).