Table 5.

Representative studies examining relationships between amyloid and depression using CSF, imaging and plasma

Biomarker type	Study	Sample(s)	Results	Biomarker relationship to depression found?
CSF	Pomara, N et al. 2012 American Journal of Psychiatry. 169(5), 523–530.	28 with MDD 19 no depression	Elderly individuals with depression had lower levels of CSF Aβ42 compared to those without depression	Yes
	Diniz, BS et al. 2014. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 845–851.	25 antidepressant-free patients with late life depression. 25 HC	No significant differences in AD related biomarkers between groups	No
Amyloid Imaging	Tateno, A et al. 2015. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 30(7), 720–728.	33 MCI patients with a history of GD 22 HC	In depression and MCI groups, amyloid uptake was significantly associated with depression onset.	Yes
	Wu, KY et al. 2014. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 41(4), 714–722.	25 depressed patients 11 non-depressed patients	Depressed patients had greater amyloid uptake in parietal, precuneus, frontal, temporal, and occipital regions.	Yes
	Yasuno, F et al. (2016). International journal of geriatric psychiatry.	29 cognitively normal older participants	More depressive symptoms were associated with greater amyloid uptake	Yes
	Kumar A et al. (2011). Archives of general psychiatry, 68(11), 1143–1150.	20 patients with MDD 19 healthy controls	[18F]FDDNP uptake was higher in posterior cingulate and lateral temporal regions in MDD group compared to healthy controls	Yes
Plasma	Pomara N et al. (2006). Neurochem Res, 31(3), 341–349.	47 with late life MDD 35 controls	Higher Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 were found in depressed individuals compared to healthy controls	Yes
	Kita Y et al. (2009). Psychogeriatrics, 9(4), 180–185.	30 patients with MDD 30 controls	Aβ40 and Aβ42 alone did not differ by groups. The Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio was higher in MDD group compared to controls	Mixed
	Blasko, I et al. (2010). Am. J. Geriat. Psychiatry, 18(11), 973–982.	331 HC	Aβ42predicted future first depressive episode	Yes

Abbreviations: CSF = Cerebrospinal Fluid; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; GD = Geriatric Depression; Aβ₄₂ = β-amyloid₄₂; Aβ₄₀ = β-amyloid₄₀; MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment; HC = Healthy Controls;