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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016 Jun 16;33:35–40. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.016

Figure 2. Cyclic-di-GMP levels are controlled by the enzymes diguanylate cyclase (increasing) and phosphodiesterase (decreasing).

Figure 2

Thereby, they regulate the switch from planktonic growth to sessile and vice versa. High c-di-GMP levels stimulate biofilm formation and other factors such as stress adaptation, virulence, etc. The role of anti-biofilm peptides in the c-di-GMP pathway has yet to be identified.