Table 3.
Adjusted HR of asthma according to weight class by race, age, and sex
| BMI (kg/m2) | P for trend | P for interaction | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | <25 | 25.0–29.9 | 30.0–34.9 | 35.0–39.9 | 40.0–49.9 | ≥50 | ||||||||
| Ref | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | ||||
| All ages | 140,403 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 1.10, 1.14 | 1.37 | 1.35, 1.40 | 1.64 | 1.61, 1.68 | 1.97 | 1.92, 2.01 | 2.49 | 2.38, 2.60 | <0.0001 | – |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 | 41,812 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.00, 1.06 | 1.18 | 1.15, 1.22 | 1.34 | 1.30, 1.39 | 1.57 | 1.51, 1.64 | 1.89 | 1.75, 2.04 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| 40–65 | 74,755 | 1.00 | 1.18 | 1.15, 1.20 | 1.46 | 1.42, 1.49 | 1.77 | 1.72, 1.82 | 2.17 | 2.11, 2.24 | 2.79 | 2.64, 2.94 | <0.0001 | |
| 65+ | 23,836 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.21, 1.30 | 1.65 | 1.59, 1.72 | 2.11 | 2.01, 2.21 | 2.47 | 2.32, 2.63 | 3.52 | 3.05, 4.06 | <0.0001 | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 51,018 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.04, 1.10 | 1.26 | 1.23, 1.30 | 1.50 | 1.45, 1.56 | 1.78 | 1.70, 1.85 | 2.19 | 2.01, 2.39 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Female | 89,385 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 1.12, 1.16 | 1.43 | 1.40, 1.46 | 1.71 | 1.67, 1.75 | 2.05 | 2.00, 2.10 | 2.59 | 2.47, 2.72 | <0.0001 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 73,049 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.10, 1.15 | 1.38 | 1.35, 1.41 | 1.65 | 1.60, 1.69 | 1.99 | 1.93, 2.05 | 2.55 | 2.40, 2.70 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 28,386 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.03, 1.11 | 1.29 | 1.24, 1.34 | 1.59 | 1.53, 1.67 | 1.90 | 1.81, 2.00 | 2.29 | 2.08, 2.53 | <0.0001 | |
| Black | 16,855 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.06 | 1.22 | 1.16, 1.28 | 1.41 | 1.33, 1.49 | 1.69 | 1.59, 1.79 | 2.04 | 1.85, 2.24 | <0.0001 | |
| Asian | 14,623 | 1.00 | 1.23 | 1.19, 1.28 | 1.62 | 1.54, 1.70 | 2.08 | 1.93, 2.25 | 2.34 | 2.09, 2.62 | 4.45 | 3.39, 5.83 | <0.0001 | |
| Pacific Islander | 2332 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.88, 1.13 | 1.21 | 1.07, 1.38 | 1.39 | 1.20, 1.61 | 1.44 | 1.22, 1.69 | 2.07 | 1.60, 2.68 | <0.0001 | |
| American Indian/American native | 994 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.92, 1.38 | 1.32 | 1.07, 1.63 | 1.58 | 1.25, 1.99 | 2.14 | 1.68, 2.72 | 2.61 | 1.78, 3.82 | <0.0001 | |
| Other/unknown | 4164 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.18 | 1.32 | 1.20, 1.45 | 1.56 | 1.39, 1.75 | 1.95 | 1.71, 2.23 | 2.42 | 1.82, 3.21 | <0.0001 | |
| Men only | ||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 | 15,196 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.02 | 1.10 | 1.05, 1.15 | 1.20 | 1.13, 1.28 | 1.39 | 1.29, 1.50 | 1.66 | 1.43, 1.93 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| 40–65 | 26,659 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.08, 1.17 | 1.35 | 1.29, 1.41 | 1.63 | 1.55, 1.72 | 1.96 | 1.84, 2.08 | 2.48 | 2.22, 2.78 | <0.0001 | |
| 65+ | 9163 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.13, 1.28 | 1.50 | 1.41, 1.61 | 1.96 | 1.80, 2.13 | 2.46 | 2.19, 2.77 | 3.29 | 2.38, 4.55 | <0.0001 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 27,157 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.05, 1.13 | 1.28 | 1.23, 1.33 | 1.54 | 1.46, 1.61 | 1.85 | 1.75, 1.96 | 2.17 | 1.92, 2.45 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 9889 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.90, 1.03 | 1.13 | 1.06, 1.21 | 1.39 | 1.28, 1.50 | 1.61 | 1.46, 1.77 | 1.84 | 1.51, 2.23 | <0.0001 | |
| Black | 5091 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.87, 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.01, 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.04, 1.29 | 1.39 | 1.23, 1.57 | 1.68 | 1.35, 2.09 | <0.0001 | |
| Asian | 5731 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.13, 1.28 | 1.56 | 1.44, 1.69 | 2.14 | 1.89, 2.42 | 2.18 | 1.79, 2.66 | 4.41 | 2.81, 6.95 | <0.0001 | |
| Pacific Islander | 916 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.80, 1.22 | 1.12 | 0.90, 1.40 | 1.20 | 0.93, 1.55 | 1.25 | 0.94, 1.66 | 2.08 | 1.41, 3.08 | <0.0001 | |
| AIAN | 304 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.58, 1.18 | 1.00 | 0.69, 1.45 | 1.30 | 0.85, 1.97 | 1.62 | 1.00, 2.61 | 2.55 | 1.19, 5.45 | <0.0001 | |
| Other/unknown | 1930 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.92, 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.03, 1.37 | 1.38 | 1.15, 1.66 | 1.74 | 1.39, 2.18 | 3.55 | 2.36, 5.34 | <0.0001 | |
| Women only | ||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 | 26,616 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.02, 1.09 | 1.23 | 1.19, 1.27 | 1.42 | 1.36, 1.48 | 1.66 | 1.58, 1.74 | 1.99 | 1.83, 2.18 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| 40–65 | 48,096 | 1.00 | 1.19 | 1.16, 1.22 | 1.51 | 1.47, 1.55 | 1.82 | 1.77, 1.89 | 2.25 | 2.17, 2.33 | 2.88 | 2.71, 3.07 | <0.0001 | |
| 65+ | 14,673 | 1.00 | 1.27 | 1.22, 1.34 | 1.74 | 1.66, 1.83 | 2.18 | 2.05, 2.32 | 2.48 | 2.30, 2.67 | 3.60 | 3.06, 4.22 | <0.0001 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 45,892 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 1.11, 1.17 | 1.44 | 1.40, 1.48 | 1.70 | 1.65, 1.76 | 2.05 | 1.97, 2.12 | 2.68 | 2.51, 2.87 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 18,497 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.06, 1.16 | 1.36 | 1.30, 1.42 | 1.68 | 1.59, 1.77 | 2.01 | 1.89, 2.13 | 2.46 | 2.20, 2.76 | <0.0001 | |
| Black | 11,764 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.98, 1.11 | 1.29 | 1.21, 1.37 | 1.53 | 1.43, 1.64 | 1.82 | 1.69, 1.95 | 2.18 | 1.96, 2.43 | <0.0001 | |
| Asian | 8892 | 1.00 | 1.26 | 1.20, 1.32 | 1.65 | 1.55, 1.76 | 2.05 | 1.86, 2.25 | 2.42 | 2.10, 2.78 | 4.44 | 3.17, 6.23 | <0.0001 | |
| Pacific Islander | 1416 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.85, 1.16 | 1.26 | 1.07, 1.49 | 1.51 | 1.25, 1.81 | 1.55 | 1.26, 1.90 | 2.04 | 1.44, 2.88 | <0.0001 | |
| AIAN | 690 | 1.00 | 1.29 | 1.01, 1.64 | 1.48 | 1.15, 1.91 | 1.71 | 1.29, 2.26 | 2.37 | 1.78, 3.14 | 2.73 | 1.75, 4.26 | <0.0001 | |
| Other/unknown | 2234 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.99, 1.24 | 1.43 | 1.26, 1.62 | 1.69 | 1.46, 1.97 | 2.09 | 1.77, 2.47 | 1.86 | 1.26, 2.77 | <0.0001 | |
| Oral contraceptives (women only) | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 32,399 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.06, 1.12 | 1.34 | 1.30, 1.38 | 1.54 | 1.48,1.60 | 1.80 | 1.72,1.88 | 2.06 | 1.89, 2.24 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| No | 56,986 | 1.00 | 1.19 | 1.16, 1.21 | 1.51 | 1.47, 1.55 | 1.84 | 1.78,1.89 | 2.23 | 2.16, 2.30 | 2.97 | 2.80, 3.15 | <0.0001 | |
Hazard ratios were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, Black, Asian, Pacific Islander, AIAN, other or unknown), insurance through government health care assistance programs (yes/no), neighborhood education level (continuous probability of education below high school), oral contraceptive use (yes/no), and site (Denver Health, Group Health Cooperative, HealthPartners and seven Kaiser Permanente regions). Tests of linear trend across weight category were conducted by considering weight category as a continuous variable in the multivariate model
CI confidence intervals; HR hazard ratios; AIAN American Indian/Alaskan Native