Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratio of poorly controlled asthma with or without high AMR and high-risk asthma
| BMI (kg/m2) | P for trend | P for interaction | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | <25 | 25.0–29.9 | 30.0–34.9 | 35.0–39.9 | 40.0–49.9 | ≥50 | ||||||||
| Ref | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | ||||
| Poorly controlled asthma (any AMR) | ||||||||||||||
| All ages | 3083 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.87, 1.08 | 1.03 | 0.91, 1.15 | 1.13 | 0.99, 1.29 | 1.13 | 0.97, 1.31 | 1.46 | 1.13, 1.88 | 0.001 | – |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 | 721 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.96, 1.43 | 1.15 | 0.92, 1.44 | 1.30 | 0.99, 1.70 | 1.17 | 0.85, 1.59 | 0.85 | 0.43, 1.68 | 0.268 | <0.001 |
| 40–65 | 1842 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.78, 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.86, 1.17 | 1.04 | 0.87, 1.24 | 1.13 | 0.93, 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.04, 1.94 | 0.005 | |
| 65+ | 520 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.65, 1.10 | 0.87 | 0.66, 1.15 | 1.17 | 0.85, 1.61 | 0.87 | 0.57, 1.35 | 3.24 | 1.75, 6.01 | 0.076 | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 1367 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.87, 1.22 | 1.12 | 0.93, 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.03, 1.58 | 1.26 | 0.98, 1.63 | 1.48 | 0.92, 2.38 | 0.002 | 0.695 |
| Female | 1716 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.82, 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.84, 1.13 | 1.06 | 0.89, 1.26 | 1.07 | 0.88, 1.28 | 1.44 | 1.07, 1.95 | 0.039 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1845 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.89, 1.17 | 0.94 | 0.81, 1.09 | 1.05 | 0.89, 1.25 | 1.10 | 0.90, 1.33 | 1.27 | 0.90, 1.79 | 0.264 | 0.055 |
| Hispanic | 459 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.63, 1.16 | 1.05 | 0.77, 1.44 | 1.16 | 0.82, 1.64 | 1.18 | 0.80, 1.76 | 1.73 | 0.90, 3.33 | 0.017 | |
| Black | 375 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 0.44, 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.66, 1.33 | 1.00 | 0.69, 1.47 | 0.92 | 0.61, 1.38 | 1.38 | 0.77, 2.48 | 0.057 | |
| Asian/PI/AIANa | 293 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.77, 1.42 | 1.45 | 1.03, 2.04 | 1.41 | 0.89, 2.25 | 1.02 | 0.50, 2.06 | 2.86 | 1.20, 6.82 | 0.018 | |
| Other/unknown | 111 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 0.65, 1.98 | 1.23 | 0.67, 2.27 | 1.52 | 0.75, 3.07 | 1.31 | 0.56, 3.07 | – | – | 0.477 | |
| Poorly controlled asthma with high AMRb | ||||||||||||||
| All ages | 758 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.90, 1.41 | 1.21 | 0.95, 1.53 | 1.26 | 0.95, 1.65 | 1.25 | 0.92, 1.71 | 2.08 | 1.31, 3.31 | 0.009 | – |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 | 124 | 1.00 | 1.39 | 0.84, 2.28 | 1.65 | 0.97, 2.81 | 1.55 | 0.81, 2.99 | 0.84 | 0.34, 2.08 | 1.24 | 0.29, 5.31 | 0.572 | 0.075 |
| 40–65 | 508 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 0.85, 1.52 | 1.21 | 0.89, 1.64 | 1.18 | 0.83, 1.68 | 1.48 | 1.03, 2.14 | 2.32 | 1.36, 3.95 | 0.005 | |
| 65+ | 126 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.52, 1.44 | 0.89 | 0.51, 1.56 | 1.28 | 0.69, 2.39 | 0.52 | 0.18, 1.53 | 2.03 | 0.47, 8.82 | 0.812 | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 314 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 0.92, 1.94 | 1.23 | 0.82, 1.85 | 1.53 | 0.96, 2.43 | 1.52 | 0.88, 2.64 | 2.48 | 1.03, 5.97 | 0.054 | 0.502 |
| Female | 444 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.75, 1.33 | 1.22 | 0.91, 1.64 | 1.12 | 0.79, 1.58 | 1.13 | 0.77, 1.64 | 1.87 | 1.08, 3.24 | 0.076 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 461 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 0.98, 1.75 | 1.17 | 0.86, 1.60 | 1.12 | 0.78, 1.62 | 1.39 | 0.94, 2.04 | 2.15 | 1.19, 3.87 | 0.141 | 0.357 |
| Hispanic | 106 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.42, 1.57 | 1.19 | 0.62, 2.28 | 1.20 | 0.58, 2.49 | 1.27 | 0.57, 2.87 | 1.33 | 0.30, 5.96 | 0.171 | |
| Black | 82 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.33, 1.68 | 1.06 | 0.49, 2.31 | 1.24 | 0.55, 2.81 | 0.78 | 0.31, 2.00 | 1.20 | 0.32, 4.53 | 0.615 | |
| Asian/PI/AIANa | 80 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.52, 1.62 | 1.26 | 0.66, 2.42 | 1.68 | 0.73, 3.84 | 0.46 | 0.06, 3.48 | 6.22 | 1.76, 21.94 | 0.098 | |
| Other/unknown | 29 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 0.35, 3.71 | 1.96 | 0.59, 6.47 | 2.48 | 0.65, 9.51 | 0.85 | 0.09, 7.74 | – | – | 0.395 | |
| High-risk asthma | ||||||||||||||
| All ages | 17,204 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.11, 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.23, 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.29, 1.47 | 1.63 | 1.45, 1.84 | <0.0001 | – |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 | 4998 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.86, 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.95, 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.01, 1.26 | 1.35 | 1.20, 1.51 | 1.60 | 1.30, 1.97 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| 40–65 | 8986 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.03, 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.21, 1.41 | 1.48 | 1.35, 1.61 | 1.50 | 1.37, 1.65 | 1.68 | 1.44, 1.97 | <0.0001 | |
| 65+ | 3220 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.95, 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.02, 1.31 | 1.25 | 1.08, 1.45 | 1.17 | 0.97, 1.40 | 1.84 | 1.25, 2.70 | <0.0001 | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 5681 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.86, 1.02 | 1.10 | 1.01, 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.11, 1.38 | 1.28 | 1.12, 1.46 | 1.69 | 1.32, 2.16 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Female | 11,523 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.01, 1.14 | 1.20 | 1.13, 1.28 | 1.33 | 1.24, 1.43 | 1.41 | 1.31, 1.53 | 1.64 | 1.43, 1.87 | <0.0001 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 8776 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.97, 1.11 | 1.18 | 1.10, 1.27 | 1.34 | 1.23, 1.45 | 1.37 | 1.25, 1.51 | 1.69 | 1.43, 2.00 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 3666 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.81, 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.92, 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.04, 1.35 | 1.21 | 1.04, 1.40 | 1.20 | 0.90, 1.59 | <0.0001 | |
| Black | 2412 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.76, 1.03 | 1.08 | 0.93, 1.26 | 1.04 | 0.88, 1.23 | 1.20 | 1.00, 1.42 | 1.48 | 1.14, 1.92 | <0.0001 | |
| Asian/PI/AIANa | 2030 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 1.16, 1.48 | 1.45 | 1.25, 1.67 | 1.56 | 1.29, 1.89 | 1.91 | 1.50, 2.42 | 2.32 | 1.52, 3.56 | <0.0001 | |
| Other/unknown | 320 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.54, 1.02 | 0.79 | 0.55, 1.13 | 1.27 | 0.85, 1.89 | 1.27 | 0.80, 2.01 | 1.26 | 0.48, 3.31 | 0.063 | |
ORs were estimated from logistic regression models adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, Black, Asian/PI/AIAN, or other/unknown), insurance through government health care assistance programs (yes/no), neighborhood education level (continuous probability of education below high school), oral contraceptive use (yes/no), and site (Denver Health, Group Health Cooperative, HealthPartners and seven Kaiser Permanente regions). Tests of linear trend across weight category were conducted by considering weight category as a continuous variable in the multivariate model
AIAN American Indian/American Native; CI confidence interval; OR odds ratio; PI Pacific Islander
aDue to sample size limitations, these groups were combined for the outcomes related to asthma control
bSubgroup of poorly controlled asthma