Table 3.
Risk factors associated with death of children with severe HFMD
| Relevant factors | Cure group n = 83 (%) |
Death group n = 45 (%) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) | 51/32 | 27/18 | 0.873 |
| Age (≤3 years) | 60 (72.3) | 39 (86.7) | 0.064 |
| Fever | 83 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Peak temperature (>39 °C) | 69 (83.1) | 38 (84.4) | 0.848 |
| Hypersomnia | 73 (88.0) | 45 (100.0) | 0.015* |
| Hyperarousal | 79 (95.2) | 42 (93.3) | 0.661 |
| Limb shaking | 60 (72.3) | 38 (84.4) | 0.121 |
| Convulsion | 27 (32.5) | 6 (13.3) | 0.018 |
| Vomiting | 56 (67.5) | 31 (68.9) | 0.870 |
| Dyspnoea | 30 (36.1) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Pathologic reflexes | 83 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Consciousness disorder | 30 (36.1) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Increased blood pressure | 20 (24.1) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Circulatory disturbance | 30 (36.1) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Laboratory examination | |||
| Peripheral WBC count > 15 × 109/L | 27 (32.5) | 29 (64.4) | 0.001** |
| Fasting blood glucose level > 8.3 mmol/L | 25 (30.1) | 37 (21.8) | 0.000*** |
| EV71-positivity | 43 (51.8) | 32 (71.1) | 0.000*** |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1435 ± 4201 | 12776 ± 13115 | 0.000*** |
| NT-proBNP (log10 pg/mL) | 2.68 ± 0.49 | 3.79 ± 0.61 | 0.000*** |
| Increased CK | 13 (15.7) | 18 (40.0) | 0.002** |
| Increased CK-MB | 33 (39.8) | 25 (55.6) | 0.087 |
| Increased LDH | 4 (4.8) | 14 (31.1) | 0.000*** |
| Increased PCT | 48 (57.8) | 23 (51.1) | 0.465 |
HFMD hand, foot, and mouth disease, EV71 enterovirus 71, WBC White blood cell, NT-proBNP N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, CK Creatine kinase isoenzyme, CK-MB Creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, PCT procalcitonin, IVIG Intravenous immunoglobulins
*P <0.05, **P <0.01,***P <0.001