Table 3.

The effects of the universal coverage campaign (UCC) of ITNs and the use of bed nets on childhood malaria in Malawi

Year/period	Intervention	Level of analysis	Malaria outcomes				RR (95 % CI)	p value
			Control (n)		Treatment (n)
			negative	Positive	Negative	Positive
2012 vs 2014	UCC of ITNs	Overall	1359	381	1205	401	1.14 (1.00–1.29)	0.036*
2012 vs 2014	UCC of ITNs	Rural	898	373	779	358	1.07 (0.95–1.21)	0.254**
2012 vs 2014	UCC of ITNs	Urban	454	59	373	37	0.78 (0.53–1.16)	0.223**
2014	Bed net use	Overall	313	115	682	224	0.92 (0.76–1.12)	0.399**
2014	Bed net use	Rural	227	100	448	197	1.00 (0.82–1.22)	0.990**
2014	Bed net use	Urban	96	5	110	7	1.21 (0.40–3.69)	0.740**
2012	Bed net use	Overall	465	164	719	200	0.83 (0.70–1.00)	0.049*
2012	Bed net use	Rural	304	140	451	168	0.86 (0.71–1.04)	0.119**
2012	Bed net use	Urban	156	29	121	11	0.53 (0.28–1.03)	0.060*

RR risk ratio, ITNs insecticide-treated bed nets, CI confidence interval

* Significant (p ≤ 0.05); ** non significant (p > 0.05)