Objectives	To be able to judiciously use laboratory diagnostic testing for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with cancer
Awareness	Awareness of the availability of relevant laboratory diagnostic tests Recognition of the existence, utility and costs of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers Appreciation of novel technologies, including particularly molecular methodologies with emerging diagnostic applicability, such as blottings (Western, Southern, Northern), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR, interference with gene expression (siRNAs, shRNAs, overexpression), cloning and mutagenesis of genes, the CRISPR system, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), tissue culture techniques, basic histology techniques (fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS), arrays (mRNA, miRNA, protein, kinase, antibody), single-cell technologies, microscopy (fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), confocal), animal models of cancer (xenograft, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM)), liquid biopsies: circulating tumour cells (CTCs), exosomes, circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) Recognition of the importance of controls (positive, negative), assessment of data quality and limitations of techniques
Knowledge	Knowledge of which laboratory testing is appropriate for diagnosis, staging, treatment decision-making and follow-up Familiarity with relevant biomarkers and their clinical value Familiarity with the review and interpretation of laboratory findings pertaining to the management of patients with cancer Understanding of the principles of laboratory methods relevant for appropriate interpretation, including particularly cytogenetic and molecular analyses Knowledge of which clinical materials are required/appropriate for specific diagnostic tests Knowledge of adequate frequencies of laboratory diagnostic analyses in different clinical settings Knowledge about some of the basic techniques (PCR, western blot, cell culture techniques, histology)
Skills	Ability to critically assess, interpret and discuss the utility of specific laboratory parameters Ability to evaluate costs of laboratory tests in relation to their clinical relevance Ability to determine further diagnostic and treatment options on the basis of laboratory test results Ability to integrate laboratory findings and other diagnostic procedures into clinical decision-making Ability to contribute to discussions on the interpretation of laboratory findings with regard to clinical consequences Ability to explain the results of laboratory tests to patients and colleagues