Table 1. Tissue-engineered bone used in cancer-and-bone in vitro modeling.
| Material | Compressive modulus (dependent on strain values) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone | 17–20 × 103 MPa | 43 |
| Cancellous (trabecular) bone | 50–100 MPa | 43 |
| Decellularized ECM from cultured cells | NA | 11,13 |
| Decellularized bone (with tumor cell lines or cell spheroids) | 125–145 MPa | 9,10,44,45,46 |
| Cell sheets in bioreactors on cellulose membranes | NA | 47 |
| Cell sheets over medical-grade polycaprolcatone-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds | Unknown | 48 |
| Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels | 9.3–20 kPa | 16 |
| Silk fibroin scaffolds | Varies, ∼13 MPa22 before cell-based mineralization | 18,20,22,49,50,51,52 |
| HA (with or without with collagen I peptides) | Unreported, or∼5.5 kPa: HA+collagen∼3.24 kPa: collagen | 14,15,32,53,54 |
| Chitosan hydrogel scaffolds (with or without HA or collagen) | ∼5 kPa | 55,56 |
| Fibronectin/collagen I/matrigel | ∼2 kPa | 57,58 |
| Aqueous-derived silk scaffolds | 3.33 MPa | 25 |
| HFIP-derived silk | 450–1000, kPa | 59 |
| Patient tumor explants/BM supernatant of MM patients | Unknown | 60,61 |
| Gellan and xanthan polymers (reinforced with bioglass nanoparticles) | 20.36±1.08 MPa | 7 |
| PLG non-mineralizedPLG mineralized with HA | ∼0.5 MPa∼1.1 MPa | 32 |
| 63 s bioglass reinforced with 10% HA whiskers63 s bioglass reinforced with 10% HA particles63 s bioglass scaffolds alone | 23.69 MPa19.21 MPa∼14 MPa | 34 |
| β-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles incorporated into poly(L-lactic acid) | 0.2–1 MPa | 35 |
Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; ECM, extracellular matrix; HA, hydroxyapatite; HFIP, hexafluoroisopropanol; MM, multiple myeloma; NA, not applicable; PLG, poly(lactide-co-glycolide.